Heating, ventilation and air conditioning engineering and design

377 Pages·2016·7.73 MB·English

Rochester Institute of Technology
RIT Scholar Works
Theses Thesis/Dissertation Collections
1990
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
engineering and design
Kurt Kuegler
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Kuegler, Kurt, "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning engineering and design" (1990). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology.
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11
Abstract
The object of this Design Project was to learn and
demonstrate the engineering and design of Heating,
Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems. This was done in
two parts. The first part was the design project. The
design project consisted of designing the heating,
ventilation and air-conditioning systems for a three story
office building. The second part discusses the theoretical
aspects of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems
which are used in the design project.
Ill
Table of Contents
Part 1
1. Design Proposal 2
1.1 Proposal 2
1.2 The Building 2
1.3 The Choice of Building Systems 2
1.4 Depth of Analysis and Design 3
2. Building Loads 4
2.1 Method Used To Determine Loads 4
2.2 Building Input 10
2.3 Determining Building Loads 13
2.4 Discussion of Load Calculations 14
3. Building Systems 16
3.1 General 16
3.2 Variable Air Volume System (VAV) 16
3.3 Water Source Heat Pump System 17
3.4 Ventilation System 17
3.5 Exhaust System 18
3.6 Water Loop System, Boiler, Fluid Cooler,
Air Separator, Compression Tank and Pumps 18
3.7 Controls and Control Sequence 19
4. Psychrometrics 22
4.1 Variable Air Volume System 22
4.2 Heat Pump System 34
5. Components 50
5.1 Variable Air Volume System 50
5.2 Heat Pump System 53
5.3 Ventilation System 54
5.4 Exhaust System 56
5.5 Piping System 58
IV
Part 2
6. Thermodynamics 66
6.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions 66
6.2 First Law of Thermodynamics 69
6.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 72
7. Fluid Flow 83
7.1 Eulerian Integral approach 83
7.2 Basic Equations in Integral form for a
Control Volume 83
7.3 Bernoulli Equation (incompressible invisid
flow) - along a stream line: 84
7.4 Static, Stagnation, and Dynamic Pressures 84
7.5 Unsteady Bernoulli Equation 86
7.6 Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow 86
7.7 Calculation of Head Loss in Piping Systems 87
7.8 Static Pressure Loss in Air Duct Systems 94
8. Heat Transfer 101
8.1 Conduction 101
8.2 Convection 105
8.3 Radiation 106
9. Mass Transfer 111
9.1 Molecular diffusion 111
9.2 Convection of Mass 114
10. Psychrometrics 118
10.1 Moist Air and the Standard Atmosphere 118
10.2 Fundamental Parameters 119
10.4 Classic Moist Air Processes 125
10.5 The Goff and Grath Tables for Moist Air 133
11. Comfort and Health
136
11.1 Thermal Interchanges Between People and
Their Environments 136
11.2 Comfort Conditions 141
11.3 Indoor Climate and Health 142
11.4 Control of Indoor Air Quality 143
11.5 The Cleaning of Air 144
12. Heat Transmission Through Building Structures 145
12.1 Conductance 145
12.2 Convection 150
12.3 Thermal Radiation 150
12.4 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) 155
13. Solar Radiation 165
13.1 The motion of the Earth About the Sun 165
13.2 Time 167
13.3 Solar Angles 168
13.4 Solar Irradiation 172
14. Space Heat Load 178
14.1 Outdoor Design Conditions 179
14.2 Indoor Design Conditions 179
14.3 Calculation of Heat Losses 179
14.4 Heat Losses From Air Ducts 192
14.5 Auxiliary Heat Sources 192
14.6 Intermittently Heated Structures 192
14.7 Estimating Fuel Requirements 192
15. The Cooling Load 195
15.1 Heat Gain, Cooling Load, and Heat
Extraction Rate 196
15.2 Outdoor and Indoor Design Conditions 201
15.3 The CLTD Method 201
15.4 Cooling Load- External Sources 203
15.5 Cooling Load - Internal Sources 222
15.6 Heat Gain From Infiltration and Outdoor
Ventilation Air 228
15.7 Summation of Heat Gains and Cooling Loads 228
15.8 Cooling Loads by the Transfer Function Method 228
15.9 Heat Extraction Rate and Room Temperature 238
16. Water Piping Systems 242
16.1 The Conventional One-Pipe System 243
16.2 The Two-Pipe Direct-Return System 244
16.3 The Two-Pipe Reverse-Return System 245
16.4 The Three-Pipe Arrangement 246
16.5 Four-Pipe Arrangement 247
16.6 Pipe Expansion 247
16.7 Pipe Anchors and Supports 249
16.8 Pumps 250
16.9 Special Fittings and Devices Required in
Hydronic Systems 255
VI
17. Fans and Building Air Distribution 256
17.1 Fans 256
17.2 Fan Performance 258
17.3 Fan Selection 265
17.4 Fan Installation 267
17.5 Fans and Variable Air Volume Systems 268
17.6 Air Flow In Ducts and Fittings 271
17.7 Duct Design - General Considerations 271
17.8 Design of Low Velocity Duct Systems 274
17.9 Turning Vanes and Dampers 276
17.10 High Velocity Duct Design 279
18. Air-Conditioning and Heating Systems 282
18.1 All-Air Systems 282
18.2 All-Water Systems 302
18.3 Air-and-Water Systems 305
18.4 Heat Pumps - Applied 308
19. Special Topics 322
19.1 Noise and Vibration 322
19.2 Codes 323
19.3 Controls 323
Refernces 324
Appendix
20. Calculations 320
20.1 Load Calculation Sample Output 321
20.2 Piping System 322
21. Drawings 323
21.1 Architectural 324
21.2 Mechanical 325
21.3 Piping 326
Vll
List of Tables
Table 4-1, Property Chart - VAV Cooling 24
Table 4-2, First Law Chart - VAV Cooling 25
Table 4-3, Property Chart - Heat Pump Cooling 36
Table 4-4, First Law Chart - Heat Pump Cooling 37
Table 4-5, Property Chart - Heat Pump Heating 44
Table 4-6, First Law Chart - Heat Pump Heating 45
Table 5-1, VAV Boxes 50
Table 5-2, Diffusers 51
Table 5-3, Heat Pumps 53
Table 5-4, Ventilation Fans 54
Table 5-5, Exhaust Fans 56
Table 7-1, Minor Loss Coefficients for Pipe
Entrances 90
Table 7-2, Loss Coefficients for Gradual Contractions
Round and Rectangular Ducts 91
Table 7-3, Representative Dimensionaless Equivalent
Lengths (Le/D) for Valves and Fittings 94
Table 8-1, Low-temperature Emissivity and High-
temperature Absorptivity of Various
Surfaces 110
Table 8-2, Spectral Transmittance of Glass 110
Table 10-1, Constants A, B and C (standard
atmospheric pressure) 134
Table 12-1, Thermal Resistances for Some Steady
state Conduction Problems 146
Table 12-2, Thermal Properties of Building and
Insulating Materials at a Mean
Temperature of 75F (English Units) 147
Table 12-3, Surface Unit Conductances and Unit
Resistance for Air 151
Table 12-4, Reflectance and Emittance of Various
Surfaces and Effective Emittance of
Air Spaces 152
Table 12-5, Unit Thermal Resistance of a Plane
3/4 inch Air Space 153
Table 12-6, Unit Thermal Resistance of a Plane
3.5 inch Air Space 154
Table 12-7, Unit Thermal Resistance of Plane
Horizontal Air Spaces With Heat Flow
Downward, Temperature Difference 10 Deg F 155
Table 12-8, Coefficients of Transmission U of
Frame Walls, BTU/(hr ft2 F) 156
Vlll
Table 12 9, Coefficients of Transmission U of
Solid Masonry Walls, BTU/(hr ft2 F) 157
Table 12 10, Coefficients of Transmission U of
Masonry Cavity Walls, BTU/(hr ft2 F) 157
Table 12-11, Coefficients of Transmission U of
Ceilings and Floors, BTU/(hr ft2 F) 158
Table 12-12, Coefficients of Transmission U of Flat
Built Up Roofs, BTU/(hr ft2 F) 158
Table 12-13, Coefficients of Transmission U of
Pitched Roofs, BTU/(hr ft2 F) 159
Table 12-14, Overall Coefficients of Heat
Transmission (U-Factor) of Windows
and Skylights, BTU/(hr ft2 F) 160
Table 12-15. Adjustment Factors for Coefficients
U of Table 12-14, BTU/(hr ft2 F) 161
Table 12-16, Coefficients of Transmission U of
Slab Doors, BTU/(hr ft2 F) 161
Table 12 17, Heat Loss Through Basement Floors (for
Floors More Than 3 ft Below Grade) 162
Table 12 18, Heat Loss Rate for Below-Grade Walls
With Insulation on Inside Surface 162
Table 12 19, Heat Loss of Concrete Floors Ltss
Than 3 ft Below Grade 163
Table 12 20 Floor Heat Loss for Concrete Slabs
With Embedded Warm Air Perimeter
Heating Ducts (Per Unit Length of
Heated Edge) 163
Table 12-21 Transmission Coefficients U For
Horizontal Bare Steel Pipes and Flat
Surfaces, BTU/(hr ft2 F) 164
Table 13-1, The Equation of Time 168
Table 13-2, Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation and
Related Data for Twenty-First Day of
Each Month, Base Year 1964 175
Table 14-1, Air Changes Taking Place Under Average
Conditions in Residences. Exclusive of
Air Provided for Ventilation 182
Table 14-2, Pressure Coefficients for a
Rectangular Building 184
Table 14-3, Window Classification 188
Table 14-4, Residential-Type Door Classification 189
Table 14-5. Curtain Wall Classification 189
Table 15-1, Cooling Load Temperature Differences for
Calculating Cooling Load From Flat Roofs 205
Table 15-2, Cooling Load Temperature Differences for
Calculating Cooling Load From Sunlit Walls 206
IX
Table 15-3, CLTD Correction For Latitude and Month
Applied to Walls and Roofs, North
Latitudes 207
Table 15-4, Roof Construction Code 208
Table 15-5, Wall Construction Group Description 209
Table 15-6, Thermal Properties and Code Numbers of
Layers Used in Calculations of
Coefficients for Roof and Wall 210
Table 15-7 Cooling Load Temperature Difference
for Conduction Though Glass and
Conduction Through Doors 212
Table 15-8, Shading Coefficient for Single Glass
and Insulating Glass 213
Table 15-9, Shading Coefficients For Single Glass
With Indoor Shading by Venetian Blinds
and Roller Shades 215
Table 15-10 Shading Coefficients For Insulating
Glass With Indoor Shading by Venetian
Blinds and Roller Shades 216
Table 15-11 Shading Coefficients For Single and
Insulating Glass With Draperies 218
Table 15-12 Maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor For
Externally Shaded Glass, BTU/(HR-FT2)
(Based on Ground Reflectance of 219
.2)
Table 15-13 Maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor,
BTU/(HR-FT2), for Sunlit Glass, North
Latitudes 220
Table 15-14 Cooling Load Factors for Glass
Without Interior Shading, North
Latitudes 221
Table 15-15, Cooling Load Factors for Glass With
Interior Shading, North Latitudes 222
Table 15-16, Rates of Heat Gain from Occupants of
Conditioned Spaces 223
Table 15-17, Sensible Heat Cooling Load Factors for
People 224
Table 15-18, Cooling Load Factors When Lights
are on for 10 Hours 225
Table 15-19, "a" Classification for Lights 226
Table 15-20, "b" Classification for Lights 227
Table 15-21, Sensible Heat Cooling Load Factors for
Appliances-Unhooded 227
Table 15-22, Transfer Function Coefficients for
Exterior Walls (Time Interval = 1.0 hr) 231
Table 15-23, Transfer Function Coefficients for
Roofs (Time Interval = 1.0 hr) 232
Table 15-24, Transfer Function Coefficients for
Interior Partitions, Floors, and
Ceilings (Time Interval = 1.0 hr) 233
Table 15-25, Percentage of the Daily Range 234