Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Adaptation to Extreme Environments PDF
Preview Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Adaptation to Extreme Environments
Michael B. Evgen'ev · David G. Garbuz Olga G. Zatsepina Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Adaptation to Extreme Environments Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Adaptation to Extreme Environments Michael B. Evgen’ev (cid:129) David G. Garbuz Olga G. Zatsepina Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Adaptation to Extreme Environments Michael B. Evgen’ev Olga G. Zatsepina Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Moscow Russia Russia David G. Garbuz Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia ISBN 978-94-017-9234-9 ISBN 978-94-017-9235-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9235-6 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014952793 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 T his work is subject to copyright. 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Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. T he use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) This book is dedicated to Khayot Ulmasov, Ph.D., for his pioneer fi eld studies of heat shock response in desert animals. Pref ace T he authors are well suited to write such a book, having studied large natural populations at the organismal and molecular levels of the heat shock response. Even during the heyday of the molecular biology of heat shock genes and proteins using model organisms, our authors recognized the value of comparative analyses of evo- lutionarily closely related and more distant wild species from thermally different environments. In the Introduction, they included Susan Lindquist’s prescient state- ment from 1986, “in order to master the control of thermoresistance of a living organism, it is necessary to understand how nature did it in the course of evolution.” Why are model laboratory organisms insuffi cient for this purpose? Model organ- isms are inbred genetically to the point where one can truly speak of the genome of a particular inbred stain. Such a unique set of genetic alleles may be a minority genome or not exist at all in a natural population of the organism. Given what we know now about allelic interactions and their effects on the control of gene expres- sion and therefore the physiological diversity of wild populations, this matters a great deal in trying to understand a state such as acquired thermotolerance or stress conditioning as it is sometimes called. Our knowledge of organismal thermoresis- tance based on model laboratory strains is certain to be incomplete at best and mis- leading at worst. Understanding the deployment of inducible defenses in natural populations will be key to evaluating the effects of deepening environmental stress such as the threat of global warming to natural populations. T he Chapters begin with a historical chapter on the discovery of the heat shock response and up-to-date descriptions, classifi cations, and nomenclature of the major groups of heat shock genes and proteins. The molecular functions of heat shock proteins are discussed in Chap. 2 . The color illustrations in this chapter of molecular pathways and interactions are particularly clear. Investigators newly trained in the methods of modern molecular biology and genetics began an intensive study of heat shock genes and their encoded proteins shortly after the discovery of these proteins by Alfred Tissières and coworkers in 1974. It is important to note that just as fi eld studies of wild populations will have an expanding role in future studies of their integrated responses to environmental stress, model organisms with useful genetic systems and accessible biochemistry have been invaluable to the dramatic progress vii viii Preface made in understanding the basic science of the heat shock genes and proteins along with the rise of molecular chaperones. The regulation of heat shock gene expression is covered in Chap. 3 . This is another area in which progress has been dramatic with the discovery of additional members of the HSF family, new accessory factors, and interactions among a variety of cellular pathways and HSFs to form integrated response networks. In addition, important post-transcriptional regulatory points are described. With Chap. 4 , readers will move on to the environmental studies begin- ning with a summary of the roles of heat shock proteins in adaptation to variable and extreme environments. The authors go beyond heat shock proteins to bring up addi- tional molecules that provide protection such as thermoresistance and the variety of mechanisms used by different organisms for cellular defense. Here, they begin a presentation of their comprehensive studies of lizard species from the deserts of Turkmenistan and from temperate climates. Most if not all of the major comparative studies of organisms in a variety of different environments including parasites and hibernating animals have been included. A very helpful summary of the various adaptations in different organisms is presented at the end of this chapter. Different trends in the evolution of heat shock genes are discussed in Chap. 5 . These differ- ences appear to provide optimum responses to changing environments. Chap. 6 cov- ers the role of mobile genetic elements in the evolution and function of heat shock protein systems. The authors have many years of experience studying Drosophila mobile genetic elements. Not surprisingly, ancient genes like the heat shock genes have collected over evolutionary time their fair share of mobile genetic elements along with interactions with other ancient defense mechanisms such as RNA inter- ference. Near the end of the book (Chap. 7 ) , the authors tie together some loose ends by describing the details of fi ne-tuning of promoters of heat shock genes that occurred during the divergence of species and taxa along with their adaptation to rapidly changing thermal conditions. Heat shock regulatory regions have been the darlings of evolutionary tinkering in contrast to the well-conserved coding sequences. But even these vary considerably in their rates of evolutionary change even within the same organism. In the fi nal chapter, the authors survey mutational approaches to studying the function of individual heat shock genes and proteins in thermal adaptation and stress resistance mostly in yeast and Drosophila. An important purpose behind the writing of this book according to the authors in their own words is “to give credit to our deceased co-workers and dear friends Dr. Khayot Ulmasov and Dr. Vladimir Lyashko who actively participated in the project from the very beginning and whose enthusiasm made possible the collection of vari- ous animal species and their analysis in the fi eld under extremely unfavorable con- ditions of Turkmenistan deserts.” Indeed, this book is a fi tting tribute. I t is recommended for researchers at the level of postdoctoral fellows and gradu- ate students in the fi elds of ecology, biogeography, evolution, molecular biology, and genetics. Storrs, CT Larry Hightower Acknowledgments We would like to thank Drs. Boris A. Margulis, Andrey A. Przhiboro, Brian R. Bettencourt, Alexei Morozov and Dmitriy Panteleev for useful comments and suggestions on this manuscript. ix
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