Heat Power Engineering, Part I

184 Pages·15.256 MB·English

by  Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences USSR

SERIAL
AEC -tr-4496
770
ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT
i465
no.4496
S
1961
E
I
R
. I
E HEAT POWER ENGINEERING PART
S
Translated from a publication of the Publishing House of the
Academy of Sciences U.S.S.R.,Moscow , 1959.
NERGY CO C
SI
S
OMIC OMMISSION
AT MI
DNITED RICA
CU ME
OF A
STATTEES
UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
Division of Technical Information
N
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A translation of: Teploenergetika . Vypusk 1. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk
S.S.S.R.,Moskva , 1959.
Translated by the U. S. Joint PublicationsResearch Service , New York, a
federal government organization established to service the translation and
research needs ofthe various government departments .
In the interest of expeditious dissemination this publication has been re
produced directly from copy prepared by thetranslating agency.
Printed in USA . Price $2.75. Available from the Office of Technical Serv
ices,Department of Commerce , Washington 25, D. C.
Issuance date: December 1961.
USADTCivisoiofTnechnInicfoarlmEaxtitoenn.OsiooRknideTo
Akademiice nauk SSSR . Energeticheskii instituto
Academy of Sciences USSR
Power Institute imeni . . Krzhizhanovskii
G M
Heat Power Engineering
Part One
Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences USSR
Moscow 1959
QC
17
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no.4496
1st(
HEAT POWER ENGINEERING
Part One
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
G . E . Kholodovskiy . Generalization of Experimental
Data on the Circulation of Water in Steam
Boilers
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. I . Sheinin , . . Katarzhis . Regions of Forms
B A K
In
of Flow of a Steam -Water Mixture in an
clined Pipe
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G . G . Bartolomei , Ya . G . Vinokur , v . A . Kolokol 'tsev ,
. I . Petukhov . Experimental Investigation of
V
Steam and Gas Content During the Bubbling Pro
cess
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. I . Semenov . Pressure Pulsations During the Flow
N of Gas-Liquid Mixtures in Pipes. . . . . . . .
. . Miropol ' skii , . I . Shneerova . Investigation
Z L R
of the Flow of a Steam -Water Mixture in Pipes
by the Method of y - Irradiation . . . . . . . .
. . Khrustalev , . . Filimonov . Temperature Field
B A S S
in Combustion Chambers . . . .
D . M . Shchegolev . Steam Boiler of a Solar Heat Power
Station . . : . : : tinnit
Yu . . Surinov . Investigation of RRaaddiiaanntt HHeeaatt EExx
A
change in Gray -Body Systems ,
A. S . Pleshanov . Use of the method of Indefinite co
efficients in the Solution of Nonlinear Prob
lems of Mathematical Physics . . . . . . . . . 163
In preparing this translation many of the Russian terms in the
equations were not translated . To assist the reader in identifying
these terms , a list of the terms and their meanings, arranged in the
order of their occurrence in the translation , follows.
[Kl / ] - kilogram force per square meter.
-
WCM Wmixture
M T
.YC HC- Ytrue mixture
Pnox -Puseful
PAB -Pmoving
PIP -Pfriction
Popor -Pfriction loss
per-Pei
Wot
- Wrelative
[|CM ]- gram force per square centimeter
g
n- background
p
n.cm-"background mixture
Pr- Plocal
K
O Local
T-
2
1 63-Iradiation
Pcounter
t
oc-owall
Pop - average
x
QB-Winside
ayap - outside
Mºuac square meter per hour
-
C kkar degrees centigrade per kilocalorie
°/ -
E20 Effective
-
Egun-Eincidence
Epes-Eresults
GENERALIZATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON THE CIRCULATION
OF WATER IN STEAM BOILERS
By G . E . Kholodovskii
As is known , water circulation in a steam boiler is
due to the difference between the weight of the water in
the drop pipes and the weight of the steam -water mixture in
the rise pipes. The pressure difference thus created is
expended in the loop in overcoming the resistance against
the movement of the working body , and for acceleration .
The theoretical pressure difference is called the theoreti
cal moving head of circulation , and is determined by the
height of the rise pipe , the volume of steam in the rise
pipe , and the liquid -steam density difference. (By the theo
retical moving or useful head is meant the head which is
determined without taking into account the relative speed
of the steam .)
PONEORETICAL MOVEMENT = B(7'- y")h [ /m2].
This theoretical difference is greater than the true
pressure difference . For this reason , the moving head of
circulation that can be practically utilized is less than
the theoretical head . The latter is determined by the fact
that the steam , the density of which is always less than
the density of the water , moves in the rise pipe more rap - .
idly than does the water . As result , the true steam con
a
tent , or the fraction of the cross section occupied by the
steam in the rise pipe , is less than that calculated with
out taking into account the relative speed of the steam .
However , the true density of the steam -water mixture is
greater than that calculated without taking into account
this speed .
Investigations of circulation processes , which were
started in the USSR in 1933 and are still in progress , are
dsoisntinitguiisshepdossbibylethteoir edsetapbthlishand scuofmfipclieetnentleyssr;efloiarbltyhisandrea
accurately the relationship between the theoretical and
true values which characterize the circulation process in
steam boilers . It is only in the region where the magnitude
of the friction loss in the rise pipe is commensurate with
the magnitude of the useful steam head of circulation (nam
ely for great speeds of circulation and steam content ) , that
relationship reliably
the indicated cannot be established as
as it can in the normal operating region where the friction
in the rise pipe does not play noticeable role .
a
Despite the colossal volume of experimental material
accumulated during the last 20 years , and the existence of
large number of diverse analytical investigations , it has
na ot been possible until now to generalize the available
material and to find sufficiently substantiated and prac
tically convenient physical relationships between the theo
retical and true magnitudes that characterize the circula
tion processes in steam boilers . This paper deals with these
relationships and their consequences.
BASIC CONCEPTS AND DESIGNATIONS
Magnitudes encountered in the calculation of circu
lation are classed as either flow or true magnitudes . The
flow magnitudes include those which have been determined on
the basis of the material balance of water and steam in the
circulation loop , namely :
(a ) The speed of circulation wo , meters / second ;
(b ) The reduced speed of water in the rise pipes, Wi
meters / second ( the reduced speed of one of the phases in
the boiler pipe being the speed that phase would have if it
proceeded along the entire cross section of the pipe ;
)
(c ) The reduced speed of the steam in the rise pipes
W" , meters/second ;
( d) The speed of the steam -water mixture , equal to
the sum of the reduced speeds of the steam and water , Wmixt .
= W! + W" in meters /second ;
The consumption volumetric steam content of the
mixture , equal to the ratio of the reduced speed of steam
to the speed of the steam -water mixture ;
.- :11
wM..I.X Wotwo 1 - x 7" I 1 -XY"
(f ) The weight speed steam content of the mixture,
equal to the ratio of the weight speed of the steam to the
weight
speed of the steam -water mixture ;
( ) Multiplicity of circulation , equal to the ratio
of the w8eight speed of circulating water to the weight speed
of the steam ;
WY
" x
(n ) flow specific weight of the steam -water mixture;
ImMIuXTz (1 —B)x' + By" = y' - B (Y' – ")[KG FORCEMU ]
The following relationship also exist between the
above flow magnitudes :
s
n
o e
= wo– woa wot "[/m )sec;
-
*= -(30-3 =us*Sllov!e
1
–(aa–3=[wo1+(–)1(/m)eve
WcM
-'Y'W = - [KG FORCE MB
TMIXT
WMIXT 1+
The so called true magnitudes differ from the flow
-
magnitudes as result of the existence of relative speed
a a
of the steam, equal to the difference between the true aver
age speeds of the steam and water
.
Wrel. = W" - W'meters/second
or
WCM--Wo
i- -
wREL 818 WCM 221 -WCMW—CMW.Y -W Y"[M/SEC);(1)
w" y-y"
WCM
rising
The true steam content which , for a movement
of the steam -water mixture , is less than the flow content ,
is
Wicu WCM - Wor ' Y' - YCM. ACT
" ~ !
or
where
11
9 =
REL " REL
The true specific weight of the steam -water mixture
which , for rising movement of the steam -water mixture , is
greater thana the flow specific weight , is
g
or YMTIRXUTE = (1 - 0) Y + op" ='" – Q('97 y")[KGFORGETM3]
e
IMIXTtru =""–lewe en .)wo [KGFORCE MB)
interrelaIntiosonmsehiwporkbse,twetehnereindisiviadmuaislunmdaegrnstitaunddeinsg notfhethecases
i
when B = O or B = 1. For this reason we shall examine these
cases n greater detail
i .
When B tends toward zero, a also tends toward zero.
But it does not follow from this (a) that the true speed of
tshpeeedstroefamthew"stteeanmdstetnowdsardtowzearrod,thore m(ba)gntihtuadtetWheeroerlative
(c)
that the ratio of the indicated magnitudes tends toward un
ity n the contrary
-- o , P/B =0/0 * 1.
Actually
, when B and o tend toward zero,
(a) The relative speed of the steam,Wrel, approaches
the speed of rise of single bubble Whvbi
a ,
(b) The true speed of the steam, w", approaches W. +
Wbub;
(c) The speed of the steam-water mixture, Wmixt, tends
toward W.;
(a) The ratio /B, equal to the ratio Wmixt/w", ap
w /w. + Wbub,i.e., itapproaches a magnitude that is smaller
unity s
than and decreases a w..
The flow steam content, B, approaches unity as the
reduced speed of the water approaches zero The latter can
.
occur in the case of free level forming n the rise pipe
a i .