Healthy Cities: The Theory, Policy, and Practice of Value-Based Urban Planning PDF
Preview Healthy Cities: The Theory, Policy, and Practice of Value-Based Urban Planning
Evelyne de Leeuw · Jean Simos Editors Healthy Cities The Theory, Policy, and Practice of Value-Based Urban Planning Healthy Cities Evelyne de Leeuw • Jean Simos Editors Healthy Cities The Theory, Policy, and Practice of Value- Based Urban Planning Editors Evelyne de Leeuw Jean Simos Centre for Health Equity Training Institute of Global Health Research & Evaluation (CHETRE) University of Geneva University of New South Wales Campus Biotech South Western Sydney Local Health District Geneva, Switzerland Ingham Institute Liverpool, NSW, Australia ISBN 978-1-4939-6692-9 ISBN 978-1-4939-6694-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-6694-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016956250 © Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media LLC The registered company address is: 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, U.S.A. Foreword: Healthy Cities Is Political and It Works Over my 30-year international public health career, there have been countless reminders to our partners and stakeholders that health is not only the absence of dis- ease, that health is everybody’s business, and that health is essential for social and sustainable development. At WHO, we had hoped that our increasingly strong and compelling evidence on the determinants of health and the root causes of health inequalities would catapult us to unstoppable action, but the reality proved otherwise. Science alone and preaching to the converted do not make change happen. Today we finally speak of health as a political choice. It is about the kind of society we want to live in. It is about the values that we wish to crown our visions and policies. Embracing health and equity as a whole-of-government goal is the premise for an intersectoral frame of cooperation where everyone addresses the question: what can you do for health and what health can do for you? A minister of health is de facto in a less influential position to mobilize intersec- toral action for health than a mayor who is inspired by the vision and the values of a healthy city. The WHO Healthy Cities movement draws its success from this real- ization. The conceptual ‘software’ of a Healthy City aligned perfectly with the local government ‘hardware’ and its strategic and convening power across sectors and civil society. This was a project that soon became a movement: An international initiative that provided to city leaders the opportunity, the legitimacy and the space to experiment with and learn from some of the most challenging concepts and ideas of modern public health. It has been a fascinating experience to witness step by step throughout the last 27 years, since the launch of Healthy Cities in Europe, how ideas such as equity, com- munity participation and creating physical and social environments supportive to health found fertile ground in such a diverse range of cities. Healthy Cities unleashed the creative powers of cities in unprecedented ways. Capturing this unique experi- ence was always a challenge. The same applies to making the case that ‘Healthy Cities’ works. Scientific controversy about evaluating interventions of the type of Healthy Cities has been going on for many years. v vi Foreword: Healthy Cities Is Political and It Works We in the European Region of WHO made Healthy City evaluation a priority. It was never to be an easy or comprehensive exercise because of the lack of adequate resources, but nevertheless each of the 5-year phases of the Healthy Cities move- ment was concluded with an evaluation which provided a wealth of information and became the source of key guidance and know-how products. I should like to con- gratulate the editors of this amazing publication, Evelyne de Leeuw and Jean Simos. This book brings together the knowledge and inspiration from Healthy Cities from around the globe. Healthy Cities embedded our hopes and dreams for a new public health movement that was inspired by Health for All and the Ottawa Charter. Healthy Cities works and I am sure you will feel the same reading this timely and rich publication. Agis D. Tsouros Institute for Global Health Innovation Imperial College, London, UK Acknowledgements Recognizing and honouring people that have had a role in the development and publication of a work like this easily finds itself wading through the syrup of cliché and platitude. To paraphrase the ominous Agricola Tacitus and US President John F. Kennedy, ‘Success has a hundred fathers, and failure is an orphan’ (Simpson and Speake 2008a). Another American political leader, Hillary Clinton, used a Nigerian (Igbo and Yoruba) proverb to indicate that ‘It takes a whole village to bring up a child’ (Simpson and Speake 2008b). So let’s stick into it. In a long lineage of ancestors, Healthy Cities has one grandfather: Leonard (Len) Duhl. Without his wisdom, kindness and role as the proverbial maven (from the Hebrew mevin (מבֿין), meaning ‘one who understands’, and related to the binah (בינה), which denotes understanding or wisdom in general), Evelyne would never have found herself on the Healthy Cities path at all. When she was studying at the University of California at Berkeley, her academic advisor, John Ratcliffe, advised her to explore her strange, European, ‘out-of-the-box’ ideas about public health with Len, who happily took her in to his classes and potluck dinner at his exotic and eclectic Berkeley Hills home—and this is where she met characters like Réal Lacombe and Trevor Hancock. Len—deep gratitude. Trevor, with John Ashton, can legitimately be labelled one of the hundred fathers of Healthy Cities, although they both happened to have a few Uncles and Aunties (in the Indigenous sense—respected elders in the public health community) who enabled the development of what is now a global phenomenon. Two regional direc- tors of the European office, Leo Kaprio and Jo Asvall, and a director general of WHO, Halfdan Mahler, recognized the sign of the times and were willing to allow people like Trevor, John, Kathryn Dean and Keith Barnard to explore the limits of what was acceptable. We really feel small on the shoulders of these giants. The real catalyst was Auntie/Mummy Ilona Kickbusch. Ilona—you skillfully and elegantly pushed, and continue to push, the edge of reason. When Evelyne, in 1984, wanted to visit the Copenhagen office you started her on a journey through health and political science. This involved stops in Ottawa and other global vii viii Acknowledgements destinations, but you convinced Evelyne that local health was the thing to pursue. You remain the best. Trevor Hancock is the relentless visionary without compromise. With such an infallible moral compass, it is no wonder that many people, with Evelyne and Jean, appreciate him as a thought leader. This leadership does not limit itself to Healthy Cities. Through his futurism, green credentials (Trevor co-founded the Canadian Greens) and deep concern for individual and planetary well-being, he has touched the lives of thousands if not millions—of many species. Trevor—thanks. Ron Draper, another brilliant Canadian, brought inspiration and wisdom to the management of Healthy Cities. Without his first creative and careful research and development nudges, the project would never have become a movement. We are sure he is somewhere on the Mount Olympus of health looking down on us and smiling his wry grin. Ron—you were unique. Michel O’Neill really started this book, and both Jean and Evelyne are happy to see that retirement for Michel has meant greater productivity and happiness. His spirit pervades this book. We wanted to make him co-author of virtually every chap- ter, but he gracefully declined. Merci beaucoup Michel, et espérons que Springer va bientôt publier ce livre en français! Réal Lacombe left us too soon, in early 2016. He quietly passed away, suddenly, from standing right in the middle of life. That life truly was shared with many Canadians in the Réseau québécois des villes et villages en santé; Jean and Evelyne consider themselves honorary Québécois and we grieve with the family. Evelyne and Jean would like to thank the warm, happy and welcoming team in Copenhagen, including Jill Farrington, Charles Price, Premila Webster, Erlinda Petersen (who also left us too early), Bente Drachmann and of course the steadfast Connie Petersen. Evelyne would like to thank generations of students and colleagues who helped pursue her visions of Healthy Cities evidence, including Marco Strik, Marleen Goumans, Loes Polman, Gretha van der West, Kristel Logghe, Sonja Danen, Angeli Blankers, Esmée Kolthof, Mathil Sanders, Ellis Abbema, Julie Salgado, Shumei Wang, Tim Milewa, Marjan Hoeijmakers, Ellis Abbema, Matt Commers, Thomas Skovgaard, Lucy Spanswick and Nicola Palmer. Agis Tsouros was the European Healthy Cities force to be reckoned with for nearly three decades. At some personal risk to career, sanity and bliss he fought repeatedly for the survival of the project in a highly charged European political environment. Well done, Agis, we owe you! Jean thanks the Francophone Network (in particular Annette Sabouraud, Christiane Gosset, Martine Bantuelle, late Eric Giroult, Pascal Thébault, late Réal Lacombe, Louis Poirier, Julie Levesque, Denis Lapointe, Michel O’Neill, Charlotte Marchandise-Franquet, Patricia Saraux-Salaün, Natacha Litzistorf, Souhail Latrèche, Alexandre Bédat, Abdelhamid Haroun), his Swiss team for their ongoing support (in particular Derek Christie, Nicola Cantoreggi and Thierno Diallo), col- leagues and friends from Greece (in particular Daizy Papathanassopoulou and Sotiris Papaspyropoulos) and Hawa Senkoro, from WHO-Libreville. Acknowledgements ix Of course this book could not have happened without the dozens of authors and co-authors. We thank you, in spite of the nagging and whinnying about deadlines— in both directions! We are all most grateful to political leaders of Healthy Cities around the world (including the late Slobodan Lang—Zagreb; Antonio de Blasio—Pecs; and Nicolo Gianotti—Milan, who moved from Healthy City practice into politics, back into practice and activism, and beyond their city into the glocal) who have supported and challenged us. Margaret Johnson, the Book Doctor—we think your surgical technique may have drawn considerable blood, but here’s a patient that turned out unrecognizably healthy! Thanks for your relentless criticism and support. Thanks also to Janet Kim and Khristine Queja of Springer who have been (too) understanding of the many delays and pitfalls in putting this book together. And finally a great big debt of gratitude to the lovely and loving women in our lives, Lynne and Béatrice. You put up with a lot of our silliness, and we can only hope that the friendships we made will last and grow. Evelyne de Leeuw Jean Simos References Simpson, J., & Speake, J. (2008a). The Oxford dictionary of proverbs (5th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.oxfordreference.com/oso/viewentry/10.1093$002facref$002f9780199539536.001 .0001$002facref-9780199539536-e-2160#. Simpson, J., & Speake, J. (2008b). The Oxford dictionary of proverbs (5th ed.) Retrieved from http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199539536.001.0001/acref- 9780199539536- e-2379?rskey=S02J4S&result=1. Contents Part I Healthy Cities in History 1 Cities and Health from the Neolithic to the Anthropocene ................. 3 Evelyne de Leeuw 2 Equitable and Healthy City Planning: Towards Healthy Urban Governance in the Century of the City ................................................. 31 Jason Corburn 3 From Health Care to the Promotion of Health: Establishing the Conditions for Healthy Communities in Canada .......................... 43 Ann Pederson and Irving Rootman 4 Healthy Cities Emerge: Toronto–Ottawa–Copenhagen ...................... 63 Trevor Hancock 5 Healthy Cities Move to Maturity ........................................................... 75 Evelyne de Leeuw and Jean Simos Part II Regional World Perspectives 6 Healthy Cities in Africa: A Continent of Difference ............................ 89 Jean Simos, Françoise Belemel Naissem, Jonas Naissem, Fatoumata Maïga Sokona, Jean de Dieu Konongo, Amidou Sani, Jason Corburn, Irene Karanja, Jack Makau, Ama de-Graft Aikins, and Abdelhamid Haroun 7 Healthy Cities in the Eastern Mediterranean: From Sanitation to Comprehensive Policy ........................................... 133 Nastaran Keshavarz Mohammadi, Mohammad Assai, and Samar ElFeky xi
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