Harmful Algae Blooms in Drinking Water : Removal of Cyanobacterial Cells and Toxins

166 Pages·2014·1.23 MB·English

by  Harold W Walker

Harmful
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occurring in freshwater, and the asso-
ciated toxins they produce, are dangerous to animals and humans. Algae Blooms in
Mitigating the increasing presence of HABs presents a major challenge
to water managers and drinking water utilities across the world. This
book explores the current research on removal of HABs and toxins
Drinking Water
from drinking water. It provides the necessary tools so that treatment
plant operators, engineers, and water managers can understand the
vulnerability of drinking water treatment plants to HABs and develop
treatment processes to minimize the impact of these contaminants.
Removal of Cyanobacterial
Although conventional treatment processes can be effective for the
removal of HAB cells and some HAB toxins under optimal conditions,
Cells and Toxins
the potential exists for significant breakthrough of toxins during normal
operation. As a result, there is a recognized need for more advanced
techniques. Possible advanced processes for removing HAB toxins include
granular activated carbon (GAC), powdered activated carbon (PAC), or
oxidative processes. This book reviews both conventional and advanced
treatment processes and presents clear and easy-to-understand proce-
dures for the design of systems for optimal cell or toxin removal.
Read the Reviews:
“Harold Walker’s Harmful Algae Blooms in Drinking Water: Removal of
Cyanobacterial Cells and Toxins is well written and easy to understand.
This book is a great resource for students, managers, water treatment
plant operators, anglers, and beach users. With this book, Walker clearly
explains the biggest water quality problem of the twenty-first century
a nd its solutions.”
— Dr. Jeffrey M. Reutter, Director, Ohio Sea Grant College Program and Stone Laboratory,
Ohio State University
“This is an excellent book for people to learn the general aspects about
h armful algal blooms, cyanotoxins, their occurrence, and treatment.”
— Dr. Dion Dionysiou, Professor and Graduate Program Director, School of Engineering Flocculation
and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati
K18969
ISBN: 978-1-4665-8305-4
HAROLD W. WALKER
90000
9 781466 583054
K18969_Cover.indd All Pages 10/30/14 12:05 PM

Harmful
Algae Blooms in
Drinking Water
Removal of Cyanobacterial
Cells and Toxins
Advances in Water and Wastewater
Transport and Treatment
A SERIES
Series Editor
Amy J. Forsgren
Xylem, Sweden
Harmful Algae Blooms in Drinking Water: Removal of
Cyanobacterial Cells and Toxins
Harold W. Walker
ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION
Harmful
Algae Blooms in
Drinking Water
Removal of Cyanobacterial
Cells and Toxins
HAROLD W. WALKER
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20140717
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-8307-8 (eBook - PDF)
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Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................ix
About the Author ...................................................................................................xi
1. Introduction .....................................................................................................1
1.1 Harmful Algal Blooms and Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins .............1
1.2 Causes of HABs .....................................................................................3
1.3 HABs and Drinking Water ..................................................................5
1.4 Overview ................................................................................................9
References .......................................................................................................10
2. Occurrence and Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms ..............................11
2.1 Introduction .........................................................................................11
2.2 Types of Harmful Algal Blooms .......................................................11
2.3 Occurrence of Freshwater HABs ......................................................12
2.4 Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms ...................................................14
2.5 Toxin Release and Modes of Expression ..........................................19
2.6 Models and Early Warning Tools .....................................................20
References .......................................................................................................25
3. Toxin Properties, Toxicity, and Health Effects .......................................27
3.1 Introduction .........................................................................................27
3.2 Nodularin .............................................................................................28
3.2.1 Nodularin Properties ............................................................30
3.2.2 Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nodularin..........................30
3.2.3 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity of Nodularin ..............32
3.2.4 Skin Irritation and Other Effects Induced by
Nodularia and Nodularin ......................................................32
3.3 Microcystins ........................................................................................32
3.3.1 Microcystin Properties ..........................................................33
3.3.2 Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Microcystins .....................34
3.3.3 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity of Microcystins ..........36
3.3.4 Skin Irritation and Other Effects Induced by
Microcystis and Microcystins ...............................................36
3.4 Anatoxin- a ............................................................................................36
3.4.1 Anatoxin- a Properties ...........................................................37
3.4.2 Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Anatoxin-a ........................37
3.4.3 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity of Anatoxin-a .............38
3.4.4 Skin Irritation Induced by Anatoxin-a ...............................38
v
vi Contents
3.5 Cylindrospermopsin ...........................................................................38
3.5.1 Cylindrospermopsin Properties ..........................................39
3.5.2 Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Cylindrospermopsin .......40
3.5.3 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity of
Cylindrospermopsin .............................................................41
3.5.4 Skin Irritation Induced by Cylindrospermopsis and
Cylindrospermopsin .............................................................41
3.6 Saxitoxins .............................................................................................42
3.6.1 Saxitoxin Properties...............................................................42
3.6.2 Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Saxitoxin ............................42
3.6.3 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity of Saxitoxin .................43
3.6.4 Skin Irritation Induced by Saxitoxin ...................................43
References .......................................................................................................43
4. Regulation of HABs and HAB Toxins in Surface and Drinking
Water ................................................................................................................47
4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................47
4.2 Funding for Research and Risk Assessment on HABs and
HAB Toxins ..........................................................................................47
4.3 Drinking Water Regulations .............................................................49
4.4 Recreational Water Regulations ........................................................51
4.5 Nutrient Regulations ..........................................................................52
4.6 Case Study: Grand Lake– St. Marys ..................................................57
References .......................................................................................................60
5. Source Water Control of Harmful Algal Blooms and Toxins ..............63
5.1 Introduction .........................................................................................63
5.2 Natural Attenuation of HABs and Toxins .......................................64
5.2.1 Photolysis ................................................................................65
5.2.2 Adsorption ..............................................................................66
5.2.3 Biodegradation .......................................................................67
5.3 In Situ Mitigation of HABs and HAB Toxins ..................................69
5.3.1 Artificial Destratification and Aeration ..............................69
5.3.2 Alum Coagulation .................................................................73
5.3.3 Clay Flocculants .....................................................................76
5.3.4 Algicides ..................................................................................79
5.3.5 Other Approaches ..................................................................79
References .......................................................................................................80
6. Conventional Treatment Processes for Removal of HAB Cells
and Toxins from Drinking Water ..............................................................83
6.1 Introduction .........................................................................................83
6.2 Coagulation, Flocculation, Sedimentation, and Dissolved
Air Flotation .........................................................................................84
6.3 Filtration ...............................................................................................88
Contents vii
6.4 Adsorption ...........................................................................................89
6.4.1 Modeling Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption.........93
6.4.2 Modeling Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption ..........96
6.5 Chemical Disinfection ......................................................................102
6.6 Other Disinfection Technologies ....................................................107
References .....................................................................................................107
7. Advanced Treatment Processes for the Removal of HAB Cells
and Toxins from Drinking Water ............................................................111
7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................111
7.2 Membrane Processes ........................................................................111
7.2.1 RO and NF for Removal of HABs and HAB Toxins .......113
7.2.2 Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration .....................................120
7.2.3 Ultrafiltration– Powdered Activated Carbon ....................121
7.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes .......................................................123
7.3.1 Ozone .....................................................................................123
7.3.2 Potassium Permanganate ...................................................126
7.3.3 Photolysis and UV/ Hydrogen Peroxide ...........................128
7.3.4 UV/ TiO .................................................................................131
2
7.3.5 Sulfate Radical ......................................................................133
7.3.6 Ultrasound ............................................................................134
7.3.7 Fenton Reaction ....................................................................134
7.3.8 Ferrate ....................................................................................135
References .....................................................................................................135
8. Summary and Conclusions.......................................................................141
References .....................................................................................................145