Handbook on Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects of Sensor, Ad Hoc Wireless, and Peer-to-Peer Networks PDF
Preview Handbook on Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects of Sensor, Ad Hoc Wireless, and Peer-to-Peer Networks
Au2832 _half title 6/7/05 1:54 PM Page 1 Handbook on Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects of Sensor, Ad Hoc Wireless, and Peer-to-Peer Networks Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Au2832 _title 6/7/05 1:51 PM Page 1 Handbook on Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects of Sensor, Ad Hoc Wireless, and Peer-to-Peer Networks Edited by Jie Wu Boca Raton London New York Singapore Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC AU2832_Discl.fm Page 1 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 3:31 PM Published in 2006 by Auerbach Publications Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Auerbach is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-2832-2 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-2832-9 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2004065010 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook on theoretical and algorithmic aspect of sensor, ad hoc wireless, and peer-to-peer networks / edited by Jie Wu. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-2832-2 (alk. paper) 1. Wireless LANs. I. Wu, Jie, 1961- TK5105.78.H37 2005 004.6'8--dc22 2004065010 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com Taylor & Francis Group and the Auerbach Publications Web site at is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc. http://www.auerbach-publications.com Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface Overview TheoreticalandalgorithmicapproachesinSensornetworks,Adhocwirelessnetworks,andPeer-to-peer networks (together called SAP networks) have played a central role in the development of emerging networkparadigms.Thesethreenetworksarecharacterizedbytheiradhocnaturewithoutinfrastructure orcentralizedadministration.Unlikeinfrastructurednetworks,suchascellularnetworks,wherenodes interactthroughacentralizedbasestation,nodesinaSAPnetworkinteractinapeer-to-peerfashion. As a result of the mobility (including joining/leaving the network) of their nodes, SAP networks are characterizedbydynamicallychangingtopologies.TheapplicationsofSAPnetworksrangefromcivilian (file-sharing)todisasterrecovery(search-and-rescue),tomilitary(battlefield). Themaingoalofthisbookistofilltheneedforcomprehensivereferencematerialontherecentdevel- opmentontheoreticalandalgorithmicaspectsofthreerelatedfields.Topicscoveredinclude:theoretical andalgorithmicmethods/toolsforoptimization,computationalgeometry,graphtheory,andcombina- torics;protocolsecurityandprivacy;scalabilitydesign;distributedandlocalizedsolutions;databaseand datamanagement;operatingsystemsandmiddlewaresupport;powercontrolsystemsandenergyefficient design;applications;andperformanceandsimulations. Thisbookbringstogetherdifferentresearchdisciplinestoinitiateacomprehensivetechnicaldiscussion ontheoreticalandalgorithmicapproachestothreerelatedfields:sensornetworks,adhocwirelessnet- works,andpeer-to-peernetworks.Theobjectiveistoidentifyseveralcommontheoreticalandalgorithmic approachesthatcanaddressissuesrelatedtoSAPnetworks.Thecentraltopicisdefinedbythefollowing twoquestions:WhatarethecentraltechnicalissuesinSAPnetworks?Whatarethepossiblesolutions/tools availabletoaddresstheseissues? Thisbookisexpectedtoserveasareferencebookfordevelopersinthetelecommunicationindustryor asatextbookforagraduatecourseincomputerscienceandengineering.Itisorganizedinthefollowing threegroupsas47chapters. (cid:1) Ad-HocWirelessNetworks(19chapters) (cid:1) SensorNetworks(16chapters) (cid:1) Peer-to-PeerNetworks(12chapters) Althoughmanybookshaveemergedrecentlyinthisarea,noneofthemaddressallthreefieldsinterms ofcommonissues.Thisbookhasthefollowingfeaturesandbenefits: (cid:1) Coverage of three related fields, ad hoc wireless, sensor, and peer-to-peer networks, allows the readertoeasilycross-referencesimilarresultsinthreefields. (cid:1) Internationalgroupsofauthorspresentbalancedcoverageofresearchresults. (cid:1) Systematictreatmentoftheoreticalandalgorithmicaspectsallowsthereadereasyaccesstosome importantresults. Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC (cid:1) Applicationsandusesofthesenetworksoffergoodmotivationforresearchinthesefields. (cid:1) Authoritativematerialsonabroadrangeoftopicsprovideacomprehensivetreatmentofvarious importanttopicsbysomeoftheleadingresearchersinthefield. Common Theoretical and Algorithmic Issues ThefollowingpreliminarysetofcommontheoreticalandalgorithmicissuesisidentifiedforSAPnetworks. LocationManagement(insensornetworks,adhocwirelessnetworks,andpeer-to-peernetworks):This issueaddressestheproblemof“WhereisX.”Thisproblemcanbeanalyzedfromtwoaspects:updateand page.Theupdatingprocessnotifiesthelocationserversofthecurrentlocationsofnodes.Insearchofa node,thepagingprocessqueriestheserverstoidentifytheexact/possiblelocationsofthemobilestation before the actual search. This avoids the potentially high costs of doing a global search. Updating and pagingcostsaretradeoffs.Morefrequentupdatescanimprovetheaccuracyoftheinformationinlocation servers,thusreducingthepagingcosts.Onthecontrary,lessfrequentupdatescansaveupdatingcosts, but may incur higher paging costs, especially for highly mobile stations. Many analytical tools such as queueinganalysisandMarkovchainanalysisareusedinthisarea.Graphtheoreticalmodelsareusedin peer-to-peernetworksbasedonbuildinganoverlaynetwork. SecurityandPrivacy(insensornetworks,adhocwirelessnetworks,andpeer-to-peernetworks):Security isthepossibilityofasystemwithstandinganattack.Therearetwotypesofsecuritymechanisms:preventive anddetective.Themajorityofthepreventivemechanismshavecryptographyasbuildingcomponents.The goalofsystemsecurityistohavecontrolledaccesstoresources.ThekeyrequirementsforSAPnetworks are confidentiality, authentication, integrity, non-repudiation and availability. SAP networks are more pronetoattackbecauseoftheirdynamicand/orinfrastructurelessnature.Theattacksonnetworkscanbe categorizedintointerruption,interception,modification,andfabrication.Inadditiontovarious“attacks,” anumberof“trust”issuesalsooccurinSAPnetworks.Cryptographicalgorithmsarewidelyusedinthis area. TopologyDesignandControl(insensornetworks,adhocwirelessnetworks,andpeer-to-peernetworks): Topologydesigndealswiththewaytocontrolthenetworktopologytoachieveseveraldesirableproperties inSAPnetworks,includingsmalldiameterandsmallaveragenodedistanceinpeer-to-peernetworks,and acertainlevelofnodeconnectivityinsensorandadhocwirelessnetworks.Ingeneral,eachnodehasa similarnumberofneighbors,andtheaveragenodaldegreeshouldbesmall.Regularanduniformstructures areusuallypreferred.Inmanycases,topologycontrolistiedtoenergy-efficientdesign.Traditionalgraph theoryisusuallyusedtodealwithtopologycontrol. ScalableDesign(insensornetworks,adhocwirelessnetworks,andpeer-to-peernetworks):Scalabledesign dealswithhowtoincreasethenumberofnodeswithoutdegradingsystemorprotocolperformance.The mostcommonapproachforsupportingscalabilityistheclusteringapproachusedbothinsensornetworks andadhocwirelessnetworks.Basically,thenetworkispartitionedintoasetofclusterheads,withone clusterheadineachcluster.Clusterheadsdonothavedirectconnectivitytoeachother,buteachclusterhead directlyconnectstoallofitsmembers.Insensornetworks,theclusteringapproachisusedtoreducethe numberofforwardnodes(whichcontactthebasestationdirectly),andhence,toreduceoverallenergy consumption.Thetraditionalscalabilityanalysisisnormallyused. Energy-AwareDesign(insensornetworksandadhocwirelessnetworks):Energy-awaredesignhasbeen applied to various levels of protocol stacks. Most works have been done at the network layer. Several differentprotocolshavebeenproposedtomanageenergyconsumptionbyadjustingtransmissionranges. In the source-independent approach, all nodes can be a source and are able to reach all other nodes byassigningappropriateranges.Theproblemofminimizingthetotaltransmissionpowerconsumption Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC (basedonanassignedmodel)isNP-completeforboth2-Dand3-Dspace.Variousheuristicsolutions existsforthisproblem.AttheMAClayer,powersavingtechniquesforadhocandsensornetworkscanbe dividedintotwocategories:sleepingand powercontrolling.Thesleepingmethodsputwirelessnodesinto periodicsleepstatesinordertoreducepowerconsumptionintheidlelisteningmode.Bothgraphtheory andoptimizationmethodsarewidelyusedinthisarea. RoutingandBroadcasting(insensornetworksandadhocwirelessnetworks):Thisissuedealswithtrade- offsbetweenproactiveandreactiverouting,flatandhierarchicalrouting,location-assistandnon-location- assistroutingandsource-dependentandsource-independentbroadcasting.Thesetrade-offsfocusoncost andefficiencyandaredependentonvariousparameters,suchasnetworktopology,hostmobility,and networkandtrafficdensity.Variousgraphtheoreticalmodels(suchasdominatingset)andcomputational geometricmodels(suchasYaograph,RNG(relativeneighborhoodgraph),andGabrielgraph)havebeen used.Graphtheory,distributedalgorithms,andcomputationalgeometryarewidelyusedinthisarea. Acknowledgments Iwishtothankalltheauthorsfortheircontributionstothequalityofthebook.ThesupportfromNSF foraninternationalworkshop,heldatFortLauderdale,Floridainearly2004,isgreatlyappreciated.Many chapterscomefromtheextensionofpresentationsatthatworkshop. SpecialthankstoRichO’Hanley,themanagingeditor,forhisguidanceandsupportthroughoutthe process.IthasbeenapleasuretoworkwithAndreaDembyandClaireMiller,whocollectedandeditedall chapters.Iamgratefultothemfortheircontinuoussupportandprofessionalism.Thankstomystudents, EyraBethancourtandMaxHaider,fortheirassistance. Finally, I thank my children, NiNi and YaoYao, and my wife, Ruiguang Zhang, for making this all worthwhileandfortheirpatienceduringmynumeroushoursworkingbothathomeandattheoffice. Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contributors MehranAbolhasan RatnabaliBiswas GuohongCao TelecommunicationandIT OBRResearchCenterfor DepartmentofComputer ResearchInstitute(TITR) DistributedandMobile ScienceandEngineering UniversityofWollongong Computing PennsylvaniaStateUniversity Wollongong,NSW, ECECSDepartment UniversityPark,Pennsylvania Australia UniversityofCincinnati Cincinnati,Ohio IonuCaˆrdei DharmaP.Agrawal DouglasM.Blough DepartmentofComputer OBRResearchCenterfor SchoolofElectricaland ScienceandEngineering DistributedandMobile ComputerEngineering FloridaAtlanticUniversity Computing GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology BocaRaton,Florida ECECSDepartment Atlanta,Georgia UniversityofCincinnati KrishnenduChakrabarty AndrijaM.Bosnjakovic Cincinnati,Ohio DepartmentofElectricaland FacultyofElectrical ComputerEngineering Engineering DukeUniversity UniversityofBelgrade AnishArora Durham,NorthCarolina Belgrade,Yugoslavia DepartmentofComputer ScienceandEngineering VirgilBourassa TheOhioStateUniversity Chih-YungChang Panthesis,Inc. Columbus,Ohio Bellevue,Washington DepartmentofComputer ScienceandInformation AharonS.Brodie Engineering JamesAspnes WayneStateUniversity TamkangUniversity DepartmentofComputer Detroit,Michigan Taipei,Taiwan Science YaleUniversity GruiaCalinescu SriramChellappan NewHaven, DepartmentofComputer DepartmentofComputer Connecticut Science ScienceandEngineering IllinoisInstituteofTechnology OhioStateUniversity Chicago,Illinois Columbus,Ohio RimonBarr ComputerScienceand EdgarH.Callaway,Jr. Po-YuChen Electrical FloridaCommunication InstituteofCommunications Engineering ResearchLaboratory Engineering CornellUniversity MotorolaLabs NationalTsingHuaUniversity Ithaca,NewYork Plantation,Florida Hsin-Chu,Taiwan Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Wen-TsuenChen ArindamKumarDas MichalisFaloutsos DepartmentofComputer DepartmentofElectrical DepartmentofComputer Science Engineering ScienceandEngineering NationalTsingHuaUniversity UniversityofWashington UniversityofCalifornia, Hsin-Chu,Taiwan Seattle,Washington Riverside Riverside,California XiaoChen SaumitraM.Das DepartmentofComputer SchoolofElectricaland YuguangFang Science ComputerEngineering DepartmentofElectricaland TexasStateUniversity PurdueUniversity ComputerEngineering SanMarcas,Texas WestLafayette,Indiana UniversityofFlorida Gainesville,Florida Yuh-ShyanChen HaitaoDong DepartmentofComputer DepartmentofComputer OphirFrieder ScienceandInformation ScienceandTechnology DepartmentofComputer Engineering TsinghuaUniversity Science NationalChungCheng Beijing,China IllinoisInstituteofTechnology University Chicago,Illinois Chia-Yi,Taiwan SamehEl-Ansary SwedishInstituteof LucaM.Gambardella LiangCheng ComputerScience IstitutoDalleMollediStudi LaboratoryofNetworking (SICS) sull’IntelligenzaArtificiale Group(LONGLAB) Sweden (IDSIA) DepartmentofComputer Manno-Lugano ScienceandEngineering MohamedEltoweissy Switzerland LehighUniversity DepartmentofComputer Bethlehem,Pennsylvania Science MohamedG.Gouda VirginiaTech DepartmentofComputer Young-riChoi FallsChurch,Virginia Sciences DepartmentofComputer TheUniversityofTexasat Sciences JakobEriksson Austin TheUniversityofTexasat Austin,Texas DepartmentofComputer Austin ScienceandEngineering Austin,Texas AdityaGupta UniversityofCalifornia, Riverside OBRResearchCenterfor MarcoConti Riverside,California DistributedandMobile InstituteforInformaticsand Computing Telematics(IIT) PatrickTh.Eugster ECECSDepartment NationalResearchCouncil SunMicrosystems,Inc. UniversityofCincinnati (CNR) ClientSolutionsVolketscuil Cincinnati,Ohio Pisa,Italy SwitzerlandandSchoolof Informationand SandeepK.S.Gupta JonCrowcroft CommunicationSciences DepartmentofComputer ComputerLaboratory SwissFederalInstituteof ScienceandEngineering UniversityofCambridge Technology ArizonaStateUniversity Cambridge,UK Lausanne,Switzerland Tempe,Arizona Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ZygmuntJ.Haas YimingHu DongsooS.Kim DepartmentofElectricaland DepartmentofElectrical ElectricalandComputer ComputerEngineering andComputer Engineering CornellUniversity Engineeringand IndianaUniversity,Purdue Ithaca,NewYork ComputerScience University UniversityofCincinnati Indianapolis,Indiana JosephY.Halpern Cincinnati,Ohio DepartmentofComputer Chung-TaKing Chi-FuHuang Science DepartmentofComputer DepartmentofComputer CornellUniversity Science ScienceandInformation Ithaca,NewYork NationalTsing-HuaUniversity Engineering Hsin-Chu,Taiwan NationalChiaoTung SeifHaridi University RoyalInstituteofTechnology Hsin-Chu,Taiwan ManishKochhal (IMIT/KTH) DepartmentofElectrical Sweden ZhuochuanHuang andComputer DepartmentofComputer Engineering FredB.Holt andInformation WayneStateUniversity Panthesis,Inc. Sciences Detroit,Michigan Bellevue,Washington UniversityofDelaware Newark,Delaware OdysseasKoufopavlou JenniferC.Hou DepartmentofComputer FrançoisIngelrest ElectricalandComputer Science IRCICA/LIFL EngineeringDepartment UniversityofIllinoisat UniversityofLille UniversityofPatras Urbana-Champaign INRIAfuturs Greece Urbana,Illinois France SrikanthKrishnamurthy NehaJain Hung-ChangHsiao DepartmentofComputer OBRResearchCenterfor Computerand ScienceandEngineering DistributedandMobile CommunicationsResearch UniversityofCalifornia, Computing Center Riverside ECECSDepartment NationalTsing-HuaUniversity Riverside,California UniversityofCincinnati Hsin-Chu,Taiwan Cincinnati,Ohio TomLaPorta JinfengHu XiaohuaJia PennsylvaniaState DepartmentofComputer DepartmentofComputer University ScienceandTechnology Science UniversityPark, TsinghuaUniversity CityUniversityofHongKong Pennsylvania Beijing,China HongKong MauroLeoncini Y.CharlieHu KennieJones Dipartimentodilngegneriadell’ SchoolofElectricaland DepartmentofComputer inFormazione ComputerEngineering Science UniversitAˆ diModenaeReggio PurdueUniversity OldDominionUniversity Emilia WestLafayette,Indiana Norfolk,Virginia Modena,Italy Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC DongshengLi XichengLu AnindoMukherjee SchoolofComputer SchoolofComputer OBRResearchCenterfor NationalUniversity NationalUniversityof DistributedandMobile ofDefenseTechnology DefenseTechnology Computing Changsha,China Changsha,China ECECSDepartment UniversityofCincinnati B.S.Manoj Cincinnati,Ohio Li(Erran)Li Departmentof CenterforNetworking ComputerScience Research C.SivaRamMurthy andEngineering BellLabs,Lucent IndianInstituteof Departmentof Holmdel,NewJersey Technology ComputerScience Chennai,India andEngineering Xiang-YangLi IndianInstituteof DepartmentofComputer GaiaMaselli Technology Science Chennai,India InstituteforInformaticsand IllinoisInstituteofTechnology Telematic(IIT)National Chicago,Illinois ResearchCouncil(CNR) LionelM.Ni Pisa,Italy DepartmentofComputer Science XiuqiLi Departmentof JelenaMisˇic´ HongKongUniversityof ComputerScience UniversityofManitoba ScienceandTechnology andEngineering Winnipeg,Manitoba HongKong FloridaAtlanticUniversity Canada BocaRaton,Florida StephanOlariu VojislavB.Misˇic´ DepartmentofComputer UniversityofManitoba Science HaiLiu Winnipeg,Manitoba OldDominionUniversity Canada DepartmentofComputer Norfolk,Virginia Science NikolayA.Moldovyan CityUniversityof ShashiPhoha SpecializedCenterof HongKong PennsylvaniaState ProgramSystems HongKong University (SPECTR) UniversityPark, St.Petersburg,Russia Pennsylvania XuezhengLiu DepartmentofComputer RobertoMontemanni JovanPopovic ScienceandTechnology IstitutoDalleMollediStudi FacultyofElectrical TsinghuaUniversity sull’IntelligenzaArtificiale Engineering Beijing,China (IDSIA) UniversityofBelgrade Manno-Lugano,Switzerland Belgrade,Yugoslavia YunhaoLiu Departmentof ThomasMoscibroda ComputerScience DepartmentofComputer HimabinduPucha andEngineering Science SchoolofElectricaland MichiganState SwissFederalInstituteof ComputerEngineering University Technology PurdueUniversity EastLansing,Michigan Zurich,Switzerland WestLafayette,Indiana Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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