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Energy Systems Panos M. Pardalos Steffen Rebennack Mario V. F. Pereira Niko A. Iliadis Vijay Pappu Editors Handbook of Wind Power Systems Energy Systems Series editor Panos M. Pardalos, Gainesville, USA For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8368 Panos M. Pardalos Steffen Rebennack • Mario V. F. Pereira Niko A. Iliadis • Vijay Pappu Editors Handbook of Wind Power Systems 123 Editors Panos M.Pardalos Mario V.F.Pereira VijayPappu CentroEmpresarial RioPraia de Botafogo Industrial andSystems Engineering Rio deJaneiro Universityof Florida Brazil Gainesville USA NikoA.Iliadis EnerCoRD—Energy Consulting,Research Steffen Rebennack and Development Division ofEconomics and Business Athens Engineering Hall Greece ColoradoSchool ofMines Golden USA ISSN 1867-8998 ISSN 1867-9005 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-642-41079-6 ISBN 978-3-642-41080-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-41080-2 Springer Heidelberg NewYork Dordrecht London LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013957555 (cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of theCopyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the CopyrightClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface World wind generation capacity has more than quadrupled between 2000 and 2006, doubling every 3 years. At the end of 2012, worldwide wind capacity was 282 GW, growing by 44 GW over the preceding year. Due to this reason, it is considered as the fastest growing energy resource in the world currently. Several factorshaveledtothistransformationinthelastdecade.Inparticular,advancesin technologies have certainly played a major role in the wind energy conversion. In addition, in countries like United States, wind energy production receives several subsidies to increase its attractiveness, and also to compensate for subsidies received by other forms of production. TheHandbookonWindPowerSystemsisdividedintofourparts:optimization problems in wind power generation, grid integration of wind power systems, modeling,controlandmaintenanceofwindfacilities,andinnovativewindenergy generation. Several optimization problems arising in wind power systems are addressed in the book. Reliability assessment unit commitment with uncertain wind power is addressed by Wang et al. while a wind farm layout optimization problem is discussed by Samorani et al. Additionally, several risk management tools for wind power trades are given by Yamada et al. Another chapter on innovative wind energy models and prediction methodologies by Sen et al. is also included. Grid integration of wind power systems is an important problem and has been addressed by several authors in the book. Vespucci et. al. talk about stochastic models for integration of wind power production in a conventional power production system, while Santoso et al. discuss modeling of wind power plants. Deterministicandprobabilisticapproachesforsteady-stateanalysisofdistribution systems with wind farms is discussed by Carpinelli et al. Additionally, advanced control functionalities for grid integration of large-scale wind generation is addressed by Resende et al. Network stability issues arising under high wind powerpenetrationisdiscussedbyTsikalakisetal.whilepowersystemoperations with large penetrations of wind power is discussed by Denny et al. Rosa et al. assess the operational reserves under wind power fluctuations in power systems. Severalchaptersinthehandbookarededicatedtomodeling,control,andmain- tenanceofwindfacilities.Namaketal.giveacomprehensivereviewoffloatingwind turbinecontrollers,whileRamiÌrezetal.discussindetailthemodeling aspectsof windturbinesandwindparks.Anotherchapterongridsupportcapabilitiesofwind v vi Preface turbines is discussed by Michalke et al. Coordination between wind farms and storagedevicesisdiscussedbyCastronuovoetal.whileahybridoffshorewindand tidalturbinegenerationsystemisdiscussedbyRahmanetal.Windenergyfacility maintenanceandmonitoringarediscussedbyDingetal.andMilanetal. Satellite remote sensing in offshore wind energy is discussed by Hasager et al, while Optimization of AC electric power systems of offshore wind farms in addressedbyRamosetal.Lowpowerwindenergyconversionsystemsarediscussed byBratcuetal.andsmallwind-drivendevicesarediscussedbyAhmedetal. The chapters of the handbook are contributed by experts working on different aspectsofwindenergygenerationandconversion.Wewouldliketothankallthe authors for their contribution, all reviewers for their constructive comments, and the Springer team for making this project possible. Panos M. Pardalos Steffen Rebennack Mario V. F. Pereira Niko A. Iliadis Vijay Pappu Contents Part I Optimization in Wind Power Generation Reliability Assessment Unit Commitment with Uncertain Wind Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Jianhui Wang, Jorge Valenzuela, Audun Botterud, Hrvoje Keko, Ricardo Bessa and Vladimiro Miranda The Wind Farm Layout Optimization Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Michele Samorani Risk Management Tools for Wind Power Trades: Weather Derivatives on Forecast Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Yuji Yamada Innovative Wind Energy Models and Prediction Methodologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Zekâi S¸en Part II Grid Integration of Wind Power Systems Integration of Wind Power Production in a Conventional Power Production System: Stochastic Models and Performance Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Maria Teresa Vespucci, Marida Bertocchi, Asgeir Tomasgard and Mario Innorta Grid Integration of Wind Power Systems: Modeling of Wind Power Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Mithun Vyas, Mohit Singh and Surya Santoso Deterministic Approaches for the Steady-State Analysis of Distribution Systems with Wind Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 P. Caramia, G. Carpinelli, D. Proto and P. Varilone vii viii Contents Probabilistic Approaches for the Steady-State Analysis of Distribution Systems with Wind Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 A. Bracale, G. Carpinelli, A. R. Di Fazio and A. Russo Advanced Control Functionalities for Grid Integration of Large Scale Wind Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Fernanda Resende, Rogério Almeida, Ângelo Mendonça and João Peças Lopes Network Stability Under High Wind Power Penetration. . . . . . . . . . . 333 Emmanuel S. Karapidakis and Antonios G. Tsikalakis Power System Operation with Large Penetrations of Wind Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Eleanor Denny Operational Reserve Assessment Considering Wind Power Fluctuations in Power Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Mauro Rosa, Manuel Matos, Ricardo Ferreira, Armando Martins Leite da Silva and Warlley Sales Part III Modeling, Control and Maintenance of Wind Facilities A Review of Floating Wind Turbine Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 H. Namik and K. Stol Modelling and Control of Wind Turbines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Luis M. Fernández, Carlos Andrés García and Francisco Jurado Modelling and Control of Wind Parks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Carlos A. García, Luis M. Fernández and Francisco Jurado Grid Support Capabilities of Wind Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Gabriele Michalke and Anca Daniela Hansen Coordination Between Wind Farms and Storage Devices, Technical and Economic Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Edgardo D. Castronuovo and J. Usaola Prototype of HOTT Generation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 Mohammad Lutfur Rahman, Shunsuke Oka and Yasuyuki Shirai Contents ix Wind Energy Facility Reliability and Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 Eunshin Byon, Lewis Ntaimo, Chanan Singh and Yu Ding Wind Turbine Power Performance and Application to Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 Patrick Milan, Matthias Wächter and Joachim Peinke Part IV Innovative Wind Energy Generation Satellite Remote Sensing in Offshore Wind Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 Charlotte Bay Hasager, Merete Badger, Poul Astrup and Ioanna Karagali Optimization of AC Electric Power Systems of Offshore Wind Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 Marcos Banzo and Andres Ramos Low-Power Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Generation Configurations and Control Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 Iulian Munteanu, Antoneta Iuliana Bratcu and Emil Ceanga˘ Small Wind Driven Devices for Environment Friendly Power Generation and Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 N. A. Ahmed Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 Part I Optimization in Wind Power Generation