Handbook of terahertz technology for imaging, sensing and communications

678 Pages·39.597 MB·English

by  Saeedia D. (Ed.)

Handbook of terahertz technology for imaging,
sensing and communications
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials:
Number 34
Handbook of terahertz

technology for
imaging, sensing and
communications

Edited by
Daryoosh Saeedkia

Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents
Contributor contact details xiii
Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic
and Optical Materials xvii
Preface xxi
Part I Fundamentals of terahertz technology for imaging,
sensing and communications 1
1 Optoelectronic techniques for the generation and
detection of terahertz waves 3
D. SAEEDKIA, TeTechS Inc., Canada
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Terahertz detector technologies 6
1.3 Terahertz signal generation in terahertz photoconductive
antennas (THz-PCAs) 8
1.4 Terahertz signal detection with terahertz photoconductive
antennas (THz-PCAs) 15
1.5 Parametric interaction in nonlinear crystals 18
1.6 Difference frequency mixing in nonlinear crystals 19
1.7 Conclusion 22
1.8 References 22
2 Transmission and propagation of terahertz waves
in plastic waveguides 28
B. UNG and M. SKOROBOGATIY, École Polytechnique
de Montréal, Canada
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Main challenges of the plastic-based terahertz fi ber optics 29
2.3 Devices based on subwavelength fi bers 39
2.4 Hollow-core fi bers 45
2.5 Composite terahertz materials 51
v
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
vi Contents
2.6 Experimental characterization of terahertz waveguides 54
2.7 Conclusions 56
2.8 Acknowledgments 58
2.9 References 58
3 Fundamental aspects of surface plasmon polaritons
at terahertz frequencies 62
J. GÓMEZ RIVAS, AMOLF and Eindhoven University
of Technology, The Netherlands and Y. ZHANG and
A. BERRIER, AMOLF, The Netherlands
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 The Drude model 64
3.3 Surface plasmon polaritons on planar surfaces 67
3.4 Multilayered structures 76
3.5 New trends in terahertz plasmonics 81
3.6 Acknowledgments 84
3.7 References 84
4 Fundamental aspects of terahertz near-fi eld imaging
and sensing 91
D.-S. KIM and Y.-M. BAHK, Seoul National University,
Republic of Korea and P. C. M. PLANKEN, Delft
University of Technology, The Netherlands
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Terahertz near-fi eld measurements 95
4.3 Near-fi elds of various subwavelength holes 99
4.4 Kirchhoff formalism for near-fi eld estimate 110
4.5 Conclusions 116
4.6 References 117
5 Field effect transistors for terahertz applications 121
W. KNAP and M. I. DYAKONOV, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb,
Université Montpellier 2 and CNRS, France
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 Plasma waves in low-dimensional structures 122
5.3 Instability of the steady state with a dc current in fi eld
effect transistors (FETs) 125
5.4 Detection of terahertz radiation by an FET 128
5.5 Studies of terahertz emission from FETs 135
5.6 Experimental studies of terahertz detection by FETs 141
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents vii
5.7 Conclusions 152
5.8 Acknowledgements 152
5.9 References 152
6 Terahertz wireless communications 156
J. F. FEDERICI, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA,
L. MOELLER, Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent, USA and
K. SU, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA
6.1 Introduction 156
6.2 Motivation for terahertz wireless communications 157
6.3 Atmospheric propagation for communications 159
6.4 Modeling of terahertz communication channels 165
6.5 Hardware for terahertz communications: sources
and detectors 177
6.6 Modulators for terahertz waves 184
6.7 Modulation formats for terahertz signals 190
6.8 Examples of terahertz communication systems 192
6.9 Experimental characterization of rain, fog and
scintillations on terahertz communication links 200
6.10 Future trends 206
6.11 Sources of further information 208
6.12 Acknowledgments 208
6.13 References 208
Part II Recent progress and novel techniques in terahertz
technology 215
7 Terahertz bio-sensing techniques 217
J.-H. SON, University of Seoul, Republic of Korea
7.1 Introduction 217
7.2 Sensing of water dynamics by terahertz waves 218
7.3 Sensing of proteins 219
7.4 Binding-state dependent sensing 222
7.5 Characteristic resonances of biomolecules
in the terahertz range 223
7.6 Water-mediated terahertz molecular imaging 225
7.7 Conclusion 227
7.8 Acknowledgements 227
7.9 References 227
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
viii Contents
8 Terahertz array imagers: towards the implementation
of terahertz cameras with plasma-wave-based silicon
MOSFET detectors 231
S. BOPPEL, A. LISAUSKAS and H. G. ROSKOS, Johann
Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Germany
8.1 Introduction 231
8.2 Resistive mixing – a quasi-static analysis 233
8.3 Plasmonic mixing – a hydrodynamic analysis 235
8.4 Technology, design and implementation of complementary
metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fi eld effect
transistors as terahertz detectors 243
8.5 Characterization and optimization of fi eld effect
transistor (FET) detectors 249
8.6 Developments towards a terahertz camera 260
8.7 Overview of other focal-plane technologies
for terahertz imaging 266
8.8 Acknowledgements 267
8.9 References 267
9 Resonant fi eld enhancement of terahertz waves in
subwavelength plasmonic structures 272
R. SINGH and A. K. AZAD, Los Alamos National Laboratory,
USA and W. ZHANG, Oklahoma State University, USA
9.1 Introduction 272
9.2 Fundamentals of surface plasmon polaritons
at terahertz frequencies 273
9.3 Extraordinary transmission of terahertz waves
through metallic hole arrays 274
9.4 Active control of terahertz surface plasmon polaritons 282
9.5 Conclusion 293
9.6 References 293
10 Fiber-coupled terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
(THz-TDS) systems 295
M. THEUER and F. ELLRICH, Fraunhofer-Institute for Physical
Measurement Techniques IPM, Germany and D. MOLTER
and R. BEIGANG, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany
10.1 Introduction 295
10.2 Fiber guiding 300
10.3 Experimental layout and system characterization 303
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents ix
10.4 Measurement results of fi ber-based terahertz systems 312
10.5 Comparison of THz-TDS with other systems and techniques 318
10.6 Future trends and conclusions 324
10.7 References 324
11 State-of-the-art in terahertz continuous-wave
photomixer systems 327
A. DENINGER, Toptica Photonics AG, Germany
11.1 Introduction 327
11.2 Continuous-wave emitter and detector technologies 329
11.3 Coherent signal detection 344
11.4 Laser sources 350
11.5 Selected applications of photomixing continuous-wave
terahertz systems 358
11.6 Conclusion 364
11.7 Acknowledgements 364
11.8 References 365
12 Novel techniques in terahertz near-fi eld imaging
and sensing 374
M. NAGEL, AMO GmbH, Germany, C. MATHEISEN, RWTH
Aachen University, Germany and H. KURZ, AMO GmbH,
Germany
12.1 Introduction 374
12.2 State-of-the-art terahertz near-fi eld approaches 375
12.3 Novel micro-machined terahertz near-fi eld probe-tips 377
12.4 Analysis of nanophotonic second-order nonlinear-optic
waveguides with terahertz near-fi eld probing 382
12.5 Failure analysis in integrated electronic structures
based on terahertz time-domain refl ectometry 386
12.6 High-resolution imaging of free-carrier concentrations for
photovoltaic material inspection 392
12.7 Conclusion and future trends 396
12.8 References 397
13 Terahertz nano-devices and nano-systems 403
Y. KAWANO, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
13.1 Introduction 403
13.2 Nanoscale terahertz detector 404
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013