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Handbook of Technical Textiles, Volume 1, Second Edition: Technical Textile Processes PDF

396 Pages·2016·17.19 MB·English
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Handbook of technical textiles Second edition The Textile Institute and Woodhead Publishing The Textile Institute is a unique organisation in textiles, clothing, and footwear. Incorporated in England by a Royal Charter granted in 1925, the Institute has individ- ual and corporate members in over 90 countries. The aim of the Institute is to facili- tate learning, recognise achievement, reward excellence, and disseminate information within the global textiles, clothing, and footwear industries. Historically, The Textile Institute has published books of interest to its members and the textile industry. To maintain this policy, the Institute has entered into part- nership with Woodhead Publishing Limited to ensure that Institute members and the textile industry continue to have access to high calibre titles on textile science and technology. Most Woodhead titles on textiles are now published in collaboration with The Textile Institute. Through this arrangement, the Institute provides an Editorial Board which advises Woodhead on appropriate titles for future publication and suggests pos- sible editors and authors for these books. Each book published under this arrangement carries the Institute’s logo. Woodhead books published in collaboration with The Textile Institute are of- fered to Textile Institute members at a substantial discount. These books, together with those published by The Textile Institute that are still in print, are offered on the Elsevier website at http://store.elsevier.com/. Textile Institute books still in print are also available directly from the Institute’s website at www.textileinstitutebooks.com. A list of Woodhead books on textile science and technology, most of which have been published in collaboration with The Textile Institute, can be found towards the end of the contents pages. Related titles Smart textiles for protection ISBN (9780857090560) Fibrous and composite materials for civil engineering applications ISBN (9781845695583) Textile advances in the automotive industry ISBN (9781845693312) Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: Number 169 Handbook of technical textiles Second edition Volume 1: Technical Textile Processes Edited by A Richard Horrocks, Subhash C. Anand AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • CAMBRIDGE • HEIDELBERG LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier Published by Woodhead Publishing in association with The Textile Institute Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier 80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge, CB22 3HJ, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA Langford Lane, Kidlington, OX5 1GB, UK Copyright © 2016, 2000 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN: 978-1-78242-458-1 (print) ISBN: 978-1-78242-481-9 (online) British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2015937281 For information on all Woodhead Publishing publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/ Contents Contributors xi Preface xi Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles xv 1 An overview of the technical textiles sector 1 B.J. McCarthy 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definition of technical textiles 2 1.3 Emergence and milestones 5 1.4 Textile processes 9 1.5 Applications and end-use sectors 10 1.6 The impact of globalisation 11 1.7 The future 15 References 20 2 Technical fibres: Recent advances 21 M. Miraftab 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Nanofibres 22 2.3 Auxetic fibres 25 2.4 Piezoelectric fibres 28 2.5 Photovoltaic fibres 30 2.6 Shape memory fibres 31 2.7 Animal- and plant-based fibres for medical and technical applications 32 2.8 Synthetic- (or chemical-) based fibres for medical and environmental applications 35 2.9 Degradable and nondegradable synthetics 36 2.10 Conclusion and future prospects 38 Bibliography 38 References 38 3 Technical yarns 43 R.H. Gong, X. Chen 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Staple fibre yarns 43 3.3 Filament yarns 56 References 62 vi Contents 4 Technical fabric structures – 1. Woven fabrics 63 K.L. Gandhi, W.S. Sondhelm 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Weave structures 64 4.3 Selvedge 76 4.4 Fabric specifications and fabric geometry 79 4.5 Warp preparation 83 References 105 5 Technical fabric structures – 2. Knitted fabrics 107 S.C. Anand 5.1 Terms and definitions 107 5.2 Weft knitting machines 109 5.3 Weft knitted structures 119 5.4 Process control in weft knitting 122 5.5 End-use applications of weft knitted fabrics 125 5.6 Warp knitting machines 127 5.7 Warp knitted structures 132 5.8 Recent advances in warp and weft knitting 144 Acknowledgements 162 References 162 6 Technical fabric structures – 3. Nonwoven fabrics 163 S.J. Russell, P.A. Smith 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 Carded 165 6.3 Airlaid 169 6.4 Wetlaid 170 6.5 Spunbond 171 6.6 Meltblown 172 6.7 Composite spunmelts 173 6.8 Flash spinning 173 6.9 Electrospun webs 174 6.10 Centrifugally spun webs 175 6.11 Extruded split or fibrillated films 176 6.12 Chemical bonding 176 6.13 Thermal bonding 179 6.14 Solvent bonding 182 6.15 Needlepunching 182 6.16 Stitchbonding 184 6.17 Hydroentanglement 186 Bibliography 188 7 Technical textile finishing 189 R. Conway 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2 Pre-treatment of fabrics for finishing 189 Contents vi 7.3 Mechanical finishing processes 192 7.4 Chemical finishing processes 200 7.5 Finishing for the future 208 References 209 Bibliography 210 8 Coating of textiles 211 R. Conway 8.1 Introduction 211 8.2 History of coating 212 8.3 Coating materials 212 8.4 Coating techniques 213 8.5 Direct coating versus transfer coating 213 8.6 Blade coating 214 8.7 Reverse roll coating 218 8.8 Roller coating 219 8.9 Rotary screen coating 220 8.10 Lick roll coating 221 8.11 Gravure roll coating 221 8.12 Extrusion coating 222 8.13 Powder coating 223 8.14 Spray coating 224 8.15 Foam coating 225 8.16 The future of textile coating 226 References 228 Bibliography 228 9 Coloration of technical textiles 231 I. Holme 9.1 Introduction 231 9.2 Objectives of coloration 232 9.3 Coloration of technical textiles 232 9.4 Dye classes and pigments 239 9.5 Mass coloration of manufactured fibres 250 9.6 Conventional dyeing and printing of technical textiles 254 9.7 Total colour management systems 258 9.8 Dyeing machinery 263 9.9 Printing 268 9.10 Colour fastness of technical textiles 274 9.11 Dyes and pigments for special effects in technical textiles 276 References 277 10.1 Three-dimensional fabric structures. Part 1 – An overview on fabrication of three-dimensional woven textile preforms for composites 285 X. Chen, L.W. Taylor, L.-J. Tsai 10.1 Introduction 285 10.2 Classifications of textile assemblies 286 viii Contents 10.3 3-D solid woven preforms 288 10.4 3-D hollow woven preforms 292 10.5 3-D shell-woven fabrics 294 10.6 3-D nodal woven fabrics 298 10.7 3-D woven architecture from specially made devices 299 10.8 Conclusions 301 References 302 10.2 Three-dimensional fabric structures. Part 2 – Three-dimensional knitted structures for technical textiles applications 305 S.C. Anand 10.9 Introduction 305 10.10 Knitted spacer fabrics 306 10.11 Warp knitted spacer fabrics 306 10.12 Knitting constructions 307 10.13 Fabric properties/product applications 310 10.14 Knitting equipment 311 10.15 Weft knitted spacer fabrics 312 10.16 Knitting constructions 312 10.17 Knitting equipment 314 10.18 Comparison of properties of warp and weft knitted spacer fabrics 314 10.19 Research in spacer structures 317 10.20 Knitting of 3-D spacer piezoelectric fabric 325 10.21 Conclusions 325 Acknowledgements 326 Appendix 326 References 331 10.3 Three-dimensional fabric structures. Part 3 – Three-dimensional nonwoven fabrics and their applications 333 S.C. Anand 10.22 Introduction 333 10.23 Definition 334 10.24 Classification of nonwovens 334 10.25 Fibre trends 334 10.26 Three-dimensional nonwovens 335 10.27 Summary 342 Acknowledgements 343 References 343 1 1 One-dimensional textiles: rope, cord, twine, webbing, and nets 345 J.W.S. Hearle 11.1 Introduction 345 11.2 Materials 346 11.3 Ropes 348 11.4 Cordage 355 Contents ix 11.5 Webbings, strappings, belts, and tapes 355 11.6 Nets 356 11.7 Cordage properties 357 11.8 Conclusion 359 References 360 Index 361

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