Handbook of Solar Energy: Theory, Analysis and Applications

774 Pages·2016·17.64 MB·English

by  G. N. Tiwari

Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering
G.N. Tiwari
Arvind Tiwari
Shyam
Handbook
of Solar
Energy
Theory, Analysis and Applications
123
Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering
Series editor
Muhammad H. Rashid, Pensacola, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13509
G.N. Tiwari Arvind Tiwari
(cid:129)
Shyam
Handbook of Solar Energy
Theory, Analysis and Applications
123
G.N.Tiwari Shyam
Centrefor Energy Studies Centrefor Energy Studies
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
NewDelhi NewDelhi
India India
ArvindTiwari
Qassim University
Collegeof Engineering
Buraydah
SaudiArabia
ISSN 2199-8582 ISSN 2199-8590 (electronic)
Energy Systems inElectrical Engineering
ISBN978-981-10-0805-4 ISBN978-981-10-0807-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0807-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016937507
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2016
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Our respected teacher and guruji, Padmashri
Prof. M.S. Sodha, FNA, on his 84th birthday
(February 08, 2016)
Preface
Solarenergyisclean,environmentallyfriendlyandfreelyavailableovertheplanet
earth.Life on earth also owes its existence to solar energy. Solar energyis usedto
producethermalaswellaselectricalpower.Iffossilfuelscontinuetobedepletedat
the present rate, they will be exhausted soon.The useoffossil fuels isalso largely
responsibleforincreasingpollutionandresultingclimatechange.Solarenergyand
otherrenewablesources,enableustomeetthedemandforenergy,whileofferinga
cleaner and greener footprint.
In the recent past, there has been rapid development in solar thermal tech-
nologies and photovoltaic (PV) materials. This development brought cost effec-
tiveness to solar devices. Based on the developments in the field of solar
technology, we decided to compose a handbook of solar energy, which goes
beyond the usual and brings together a myriad of current topics such as
Day-lighting, Solar cell materials, Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems, Energy
conservation, Solar power generation, Thermodynamics, Solar cooling of houses,
Energyandexergyanalysis,CO credit,EnergyMatrices,LifeCycleanalysiswith
2
and without CO credit.
2
The main objective of writing this book is to create a comprehensive and
easy-to-understand source of information on the advances in this rapidly growing
researcharea.Thisbookincludesenoughinformationonthebasicstobeusedasa
textbook undergraduate coursework in for engineering and the sciences. The
inclusion of advanced concepts and research trends will also make it useful as a
reference for scientists and professionals. An attempt has also been made to give
solved examples and exercise problems with hint and objective questions at
appropriate place in each chapter for better understanding of solar energy
applications.
Thisbookconsistsoftwentychapters.Thebasicsofhourly,daily,monthlysolar
radiation on horizontal and inclined surfaces and sun-earth angles have been dis-
cussed briefly in Chap. 1. The various natural day lighting system with examples
have been discussed in Chap. 2. Chapter 3 deals with the basic elements of heat
transfer mechanisms, laws of thermodynamics and exergy which have been used
vii
viii Preface
throughout text. Effectsofnano-particles with water asabasefluidhavealso been
discussedbriefly.Chapter4discussesdifferentsolarcellmaterials,PVmodules,PV
arrays and its applications in various sectors. Solar fluid collectors namely con-
ventional flat plate collectors (FPC’s), solar concentrators and evacuated tubular
collectors(ETC’s)aredealtwithinChaps.5−7.Chapter8discussesindustrialsolar
waterheatingsystemsfordifferentmodesofoperation.ThemodelingofPVTsolar
air heaters and their applications are reported in Chap. 9. The various passive
conceptsofheating/coolingofahousewithapproximatemethodsandsolarcooling
houses have been briefly discussed in Chaps. 10 and 11, respectively. Chapters 12
and 13 cover other solar thermal applications namely solar crop drying and solar
distillation systems with basic heat transfer, thermal modeling and examples.
Energy analyses of solar thermal and PV systems have been covered in Chap. 14.
Solar energy storage in different modes is discussed in Chap. 15. Solar power
generation by means of photovoltaic (grid and off-grid) and solar concentrating
have been considered in Chap. 16. Chapters 17 and 18 report applications of solar
thermalenergy,whichhasnotbeencoveredinprecedingchaptersandcoverenergy
conservation in different sectors. Study of exergy, CO mitigation, carbon credit,
2
and life cycle cost analysis of some solar thermal and PV system, which is the
backbone of its success, is included in Chaps. 19 and 20, respectively.
SI units are used throughout the book. Some conversion units, various physical
and chemical properties of water, air, metals and non-metals are also given as
appendices.
Acknowledgements
ItisourgreatpleasuretoexpressourgratitudetoProf.BrianNorton,Ireland;Prof.
T. Muneer, UK; Prof. Yogi Goswami, USA; Prof. T.T. Chow, Hong Kong and
Prof. Christophe Ménézo, France; Prof. Wolfram Sparber, Italy: Prof. Ibrahim
Dincer, Canada; Prof. B.K. Bala, Bangladesh; Dr. Alok Srivastava, USA and our
other colleagues in India and abroad.
We duly acknowledge with thanks the financial support by the Curriculum
Development Cell (CD Cell), IIT Delhi for preparation of the book.
We are also thankful to Springer for publishing this book.
Lastbutnotleast,weexpressourdeepgratitudetoLateSmt.BhagirathiTiwari,
Late Shree Bashisht Tiwari, Late Shree Bhagwan Singh Yadav and Smt. Asha
Yadavfortheirblessingstowritethisbook.Further,wealsothankSmt.Kamalawati
Tiwari, Smt. Vibha Tiwari, Ghansyam, Gopika, Ram, Pooja Yadav, Aradhya, Sri
Vats and Ganeshu for keeping our morale high during thewritingof this book.
G.N. Tiwari
Arvind Tiwari
Shyam
Contents
1 Solar Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 General Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Basic Concept of Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Source of Solar Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Formation of the Atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.4 Solar Spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.5 Solar Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.6 Air Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1.7 Solar Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2 Sun‒Earth Angles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2.1 Solar Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.3 Energy and Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4 Instruments to Measure Solar Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4.1 Pyrheliometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4.2 Pyranometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.3 Sunshine Recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.5 Solar Radiation on a Horizontal Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.5.1 Extraterrestrial Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.5.2 Terrestrial Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.6 Solar Radiation on an Inclined Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.6.1 Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.6.2 Total Solar Radiation on an Inclined/Tilted
Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
(cid:1)
1.6.3 Monthly Average Daily Solar Radiation H
T
on Inclined Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2 Daylighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.2 History of Daylighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
ix
x Contents
2.3 Components of Daylighting (Natural Light). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.3.1 Daylight Factor (DF). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.3.2 Daylight Factor Due to Sky Components. . . . . . . . . 55
2.3.3 Daylight Factor Due to External Reflection
Components (ERC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.3.4 Daylight Factor Due to Internal Reflection
Components (IRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.4 Different Concept of Daylighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.4.1 Modern Sky Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.4.2 Solar Pipe (SP)/Light Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.4.3 Semitransparent Solar Photovoltaic Lighting
System (SSPLS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.4.4 Light Shelves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.4.5 Light Reflector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.4.6 Tubular Daylighting Devices (TDDs) . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4.7 Sawtooth Roof. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4.8 Heliostats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4.9 Smart-Glass Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.4.10 Fiber-Optic Concrete Wall (FOCW) . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.4.11 Hybrid Solar Lighting (HSL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.4.12 Solarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.5 Experiments on Skylight for Natural Lighting for a Mud
House: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.5.1 Experimental Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.5.2 Modeling of the Skylight for a Dome-Shaped
Mud House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.5.3 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for Skylight in the
Mud House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3 Law of Thermodynamics and Element of Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . 85
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.2 Law of Thermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.2.1 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.2.4 The Third Law of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.3 Element of Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.3.2 Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.3.3 Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.3.4 Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.3.5 Evaporation (Mass Transfer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.3.6 Total Heat-Transfer Coefficient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113