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Handbook of Soil Sciences PDF

1424 Pages·2011·103.04 MB·English
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H A N D B O O K O F SOIL SCIENCES PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES SECOND EDITION Handbook of Soil Sciences Handbook of Soil Sciences: Properties and Processes, Second Edition Handbook of Soil Sciences: Resource Management and Environmental Impacts, Second Edition H A N D B O O K O F SOIL SCIENCES PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES SECOND EDITION Edited by Pan Ming Huang Yuncong Li Malcolm E. Sumner Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20110713 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-0306-6 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To Pan Ming Huang (1934–2009) Editor in Chief Dr. Pan Ming Huang died on September 13, 2009, after a short illness. He was a towering leader in the field of soil science, and soil chemistry in particular, having served the profession for over 44 years formerly as professor of soil science at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. He was a dedicated teacher and author of over 300 journal articles published in the most prestigious journals. In the midst of the revision of the Handbook of Soil Sciences, having developed and approved the outline, set the standards for the contributions, and solicited the cooperation of all the associate editors, he unexpectedly fell ill. One of his strengths was his ability to involve, organize, and inspire colleagues to cooperate in pursuing scientific endeavors as was evidenced by his initial inputs into this work. Unfortunately, he passed away before being able to see any of the fruits of his labors, the completed manuscripts. Dr. Huang is survived by his wife, Yun Yin, who was gracious in the handover of all the materi- als required for us to complete the handbook in a timely manner. We dedicate this book to Dr. Huang as a lasting memorial to his many contributions to soil science. Contents Preface........................................................................................................................................................... xi Editors .........................................................................................................................................................xiii Associate Editors ..........................................................................................................................................xv Contributors ..............................................................................................................................................xvii Introduction .............................................................................................................................................xxiii Part I Soil Physics Introduction Markus Tuller ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������I-1 1 Physical Properties of Primary Particles ...........................................................................................................1-1 Joseph M� Skopp 2 Soil Structure ............................................................................................................................................................2-1 Teamrat A� Ghezzehei 3 Mechanics of Unsaturated Soils for Agricultural Applications .................................................................3-1 Rainer Horn and Stephan Peth 4 Soil Water Content and Water Potential Relationships ................................................................................4-1 Dani Or, Jon M� Wraith, David A� Robinson, and Scott B� Jones 5 Water Flow in Soils .................................................................................................................................................5-1 David E� Radcliffe and Jirka Šimu˚nek 6 Water and Energy Balances in the Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Continuum .................................................6-1 Steven R� Evett, John H� Prueger, and Judy A� Tolk 7 Solute Transport .......................................................................................................................................................7-1 Feike J� Leij and Antonella Sciortino 8 Gas Transport in Soils ...........................................................................................................................................8-1 Dennis E� Rolston and Per Møldrup 9 Soil Thermal Regime ..............................................................................................................................................9-1 Robert Horton and Tyson Ochsner 10 Soil Spatial Variability .........................................................................................................................................10-1 Ole Wendroth, Sylvia Koszinski, and Vicente Vasquez vii viii Contents Part II Soil Chemistry Introduction Donald L� Sparks �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������II-1 11 Soil Organic Matter ..............................................................................................................................................11-1 Jeffrey A� Baldock and Kris Broos 12 Soil Solution ............................................................................................................................................................12-1 Paul Schwab 13 Kinetics and Mechanisms of Soil Chemical Reactions ...............................................................................13-1 Donald L� Sparks 14 Oxidation–Reduction Phenomena ....................................................................................................................14-1 Bruce R� James and Dominic A� Brose 15 Soil Colloidal Behavior ........................................................................................................................................15-1 Sabine Goldberg, Inmaculada Lebron, John C� Seaman, and Donald L� Suarez 16 Ion Exchange Phenomena ...................................................................................................................................16-1 Ian C� Bourg and Garrison Sposito 17 Chemisorption and Precipitation Reactions ..................................................................................................17-1 Robert G� Ford 18 Role of Abiotic Catalysis in the Transformation of Organics, Metals, Metalloids, and Other Inorganics ...........................................................................................................................................18-1 Pan Ming Huang (Deceased) and A�G� Hardie 19 Soil pH and pH Buffering ...................................................................................................................................19-1 Paul R� Bloom and Ulf Skyllberg Part III Soil Mineralogy Introduction Joseph W� Stucki ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������III-1 20 Alteration, Formation, and Occurrence of Minerals in Soils ...................................................................20-1 G� Jock Churchman and David J� Lowe 21 Phyllosilicates .........................................................................................................................................................21-1 Hideomi Kodama 22 Oxide Minerals in Soils .......................................................................................................................................22-1 Nestor Kämpf, Andreas C� Scheinost, and Darrell G� Schulze 23 Poorly Crystalline Aluminosilicate Clay Minerals ......................................................................................23-1 James Harsh Part IV Soil Biology and Biochemistry: Soil Biology in Its Second Golden Age Introduction E�A� Paul and Paolo Nannipieri ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������IV-1 24 Microbiota ...............................................................................................................................................................24-1 Raffaella Balestrini, Valeria Bianciotto, Paola Bonfante, Michael Schloter, Sharath Srinivasiah, R� Greg Thorn, Kurt E� Williamson, and K� Eric Wommack 25 Soil Fauna ................................................................................................................................................................25-1 Michael Bonkowski, M�A� Callaham, Jr�, Marianne Clarholm, David C� Coleman, D�A� Crossley, Jr�, Bryan Griffiths, Paul F� Hendrix, Robert McSorley, Mark G� St� John, and P�C�J� van Vliet Contents ix 26 Microbially Mediated Processes ........................................................................................................................26-1 Susumu Asakawa, Else K� Bünemann, Emmanuel Frossard, E�G� Gregorich, Jan Jansa, H�H� Janzen, Michael A� Kertesz, Makoto Kimura, Loretta Landi, David Long, Terence L� Marsh, Paolo Nannipieri, Astrid Oberson, Giancarlo Renella, and Thomas Voice 27 Nitrogen Transformations ..................................................................................................................................27-1 Richa Anand, Jean-Claude Germon, Peter M� Groffman, Jeanette M� Norton, Laurent Philippot, James I� Prosser, and Joshua P� Schimel 28 Molecular Techniques ...................................................................................................................................................................28-1 Judith Ascher, Maria Teresa Ceccherini, Yin Chen, Guo-Chun Ding, Holger Heuer, Jiri Jirout, Deepak Kumaresan, J� Colin Murrell, Giacomo Pietramellara, and Kornelia Smalla Part V Pedology Introduction Larry T� West and Larry P� Wilding�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������V-1 29 Geomorphology of Soil Landscapes ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29-1 Douglas A� Wysocki, Philip J� Schoeneberger, Daniel R� Hirmas, and Hannan E� LaGarry 30 Pedogenic Processes ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������30-1 Judith K� Turk, Oliver A� Chadwick, and Robert C� Graham 31 Soil Taxonomy ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������31-1 Robert J� Ahrens and Richard W� Arnold 32 Other Systems of Soil Classification ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32-1 Erika Michéli and Otto C� Spaargaren 33 Classification of Soils �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33-1 Olafur Arnalds, Fredrich H� Beinroth, J�C� Bell, J�G� Bockheim, Janis L� Boettinger, M�E� Collins, R�G� Darmody, Steven G� Driese, Hari Eswaran, Delvin S� Fanning, D�P� Franzmeier, C�T� Hallmark, Willie Harris, Wayne H� Hudnall, Randall K� Kolka, David J� Lowe, Paul A� McDaniel, D�G� McGahan, H� Curtis Monger, Lee C� Nordt, Chien-Lu Ping, Martin C� Rabenhorst, Paul F� Reich, Randall Schaetzl, Joey N� Shaw, Christopher W� Smith, Randal J� Southard, David Swanson, C� Tarnocai, Goro Uehara, Larry T� West, and Larry P� Wilding 34 Land Evaluation for Landscape Units �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������34-1 J� Bouma, J�J� Stoorvogel, and M�P�W� Sonneveld 35 Hydropedology �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35-1 Phillip Owens, Henry Lin, and Zamir Libohova 36 Subaqueous Soils ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36-1 Mark H� Stolt and Martin C� Rabenhorst 37 Digital Soil Mapping ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37-1 Alex B� McBratney, Budiman Minasny, Robert A� MacMillan, and Florence Carré 38 Soil Change in the Anthropocene: Bridging Pedology, Land Use and Soil Management ������������������38-1 Daniel deB� Richter, Jr� and Arlene J� Tugel 39 Noninvasive Geophysical Methods Used in Soil Science ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������39-1 James A� Doolittle

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