Table Of ContentHandbook of
SCHEDULING
Algorithms, Models,
and Performance Analysis
CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC
COMPUTER and INFORMATION SCIENCE SERIES
Series Editor: Sartaj Sahni
PUBLISHED TITLES
HANDBOOK OF SCHEDULING: ALGORITHMS, MODELS, AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Joseph Y-T. Leung
FORTHCOMING TITLES
HANDBOOK OF COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Srinivas Aluru
HANDBOOK OF ALGORITHMS FOR WIRELESS AND MOBILE NETWORKS AND COMPUTING
Azzedine Boukerche
DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS
S. Sitharama Iyengar and Richard R. Brooks
SPECULATIVE EXECUTION IN HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTER ARCHITECTURES
David Kaeli and Pen-Chung Yew
HANDBOOK OF DATA STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS
Dinesh P. Mehta and Sartaj Sahni
HANDBOOK OF BIOINSPIRED ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS
Stephan Olariu and Albert Y. Zomaya
HANDBOOK OF DATA MINING
Sanjay Ranka
THE PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF INTERNET COMPUTING
Munindar P. Singh
SCALABLE AND SECURE INTERNET SERVICE AND ARCHITECTURE
Cheng Zhong Xu
CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC COMPUTER and INFORMATION SCIENCE SERIES
Handbook of
SCHEDULING
Algorithms, Models,
and Performance Analysis
Edited by
Joseph Y-T. Leung
CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC
A CRC Press Company
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
C3979_discl.fm Page 1 Friday, March 19, 2004 2:37 PM
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Dedication
TomywifeMaria
v
Preface
Schedulingisaformofdecision-makingthatplaysanimportantroleinmanydisciplines.Itisconcerned
withtheallocationofscarceresourcestoactivitieswiththeobjectiveofoptimizingoneormoreperformance
measures.Dependingonthesituation,resourcesandactivitiescantakeonmanydifferentforms.Resources
maybenursesinahospital,busdrivers,machinesinanassemblyplant,CPUs,mechanicsinanautomobile
repairshop,etc.Activitiesmaybeoperationsinamanufacturingprocess,dutiesofnursesinahospital,
executionsofcomputerprograms,carrepairsinanautomobilerepairshop,andsoon.Therearealso
manydifferentperformancemeasurestooptimize.Oneobjectivemaybetheminimizationofthemean
flowtime,whileanotherobjectivemaybetheminimizationofthenumberofjobscompletedaftertheir
duedates.
Schedulinghasbeenstudiedintensivelyformorethan50years,byresearchersinmanagement,industrial
engineering,operationsresearch,andcomputerscience.Thereisnowanastoundingbodyofknowledge
inthisfield.Thisbookisthefirsthandbookonscheduling.Itisintendedtoprovideacomprehensive
coverageofthemostadvancedandtimelytopicsinscheduling.Amajorgoalofthisprojectistobring
togetherresearchersintheabovedisciplinesinordertofacilitatecrossfertilization.Theauthorsandtopics
chosencutacrossallthesedisciplines.
IwouldliketothankSartajSahniforinvitingmetoeditthishandbook.Iamgratefultoalltheauthorsand
co-authors(morethan90intotal)whotooktimefromtheirbusyschedulestocontributetothishandbook.
Withouttheirefforts,thishandbookwouldnothavebeenpossible.EdmundBurkeandMichaelPinedo
havegivenmevaluableadviceinpickingtopicsandauthors.HelenaRedshawandJessicaVakiliatCRC
Presshavedoneasuperbjobinmanagingtheproject.
IwouldliketothankEdCoffmanforteachingmeschedulingtheorywhenIwasagraduatestudentat
PennState.Mywife,Maria,gavemeencouragementandstrongsupportforthisproject.
This work was supported in part by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and in part by the
NationalScienceFoundation(NSF).FindingscontainedhereinarenotnecessarilythoseoftheFAAor
NSF.
vii
The Editor
Joseph Y-T. Leung, Ph.D., is Distinguished Professor of Computer Science in New Jersey Institute of
Technology.HereceivedhisB.A.inMathematicsfromSouthernIllinoisUniversityatCarbondaleandhis
Ph.D.inComputerSciencefromthePennsylvaniaStateUniversity.SincereceivinghisPh.D.,hehastaught
atVirginiaTech,NorthwesternUniversity,UniversityofTexasatDallas,UniversityofNebraskaatLincoln,
andNewJerseyInstituteofTechnology.HehasbeenchairmanatUniversityofNebraskaatLincolnand
NewJerseyInstituteofTechnology.
Dr.LeungisamemberofACMandaseniormemberofIEEE.Hisresearchinterestsincludescheduling
theory,computationalcomplexity,discreteoptimization,real-timesystems,andoperatingsystems.His
researchhasbeensupportedbyNSF,ONR,FAA,andTexasInstruments.
ix
Contributors
RichaAgarwal SanjoyBaruah XiaoqiangCai
GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology UniversityofNorthCarolina ChineseUniversityof
DepartmentofIndustrial& DepartmentofComputer HongKong
SystemsEngineering Science DepartmentofSystems
Atlanta,Georgia ChapelHill,NorthCarolina Engineering&Engineering
Management
SanjayL.Ahire
Shatin,HongKong
JacekB(cid:1)laz˙ewicz
UniversityofDayton
Poznan´ Universityof
DepartmentofMIS,OM,
Technology JacquesCarlier
andDS
InstituteofComputingScience Compie`gneUniversityof
Dayton,Ohio
Poznan´,Poland Technology
Compie`gne,France
RavindraK.Ahuja
UniversityofFlorida N.Brauner
DepartmentofIndustrial& JohnCarpenter
IMAG
SystemsEngineering UniversityofNorthCarolina
Grenoble,France
Gainesville,Florida DepartmentofComputer
Science
Yalc‚inAkc‚ay R.P.Brazile ChapelHill,NorthCarolina
Koc¸University UniversityofNorthTexas
Istanbul,Turkey DepartmentofComputer
XiuliChao
Science&Engineering
NorthCarolinaStateUniversity
JamesAnderson Denton,Texas
DepartmentofIndustrial
UniversityofNorthCarolina
Engineering
DepartmentofComputer
PeterBrucker Raleigh,NorthCarolina
Science
UniversityofOsnabru¨ck
ChapelHill,NorthCarolina
DepartmentofMathematics
ChandraChekuri
HakanAydin Osnabru¨ck,Germany BellLaboratories
GeorgeMasonUniversity MurrayHill,NewJersey
DepartmentofComputer EdmundK.Burke
Science UniversityofNottingham BoChen
Fairfax,Virginia SchoolofComputerScience UniversityofWarwick
Nottingham,UnitedKingdom WarwickBusinessSchool
AnantaramBalakrishnan
Coventry,UnitedKingdom
UniversityofTexas
Austin,Texas MarcoCaccamo
UniversityofIllinois DejiChen
PhilippeBaptiste DepartmentofComputer Fisher-Rosemount
CNRS,EcolePolytechnique Science Systems,Inc.
Palaiseau,France Urbana,Illinois Austin,Texas
xi
ArturCzumaj TeofiloF.Gonzalez JoannaJo´zefowska
NewJerseyInstituteof UniversityofCalifornia Poznan´ Universityof
Technology DepartmentofComputer Technology
DepartmentofComputer Science InstituteofComputingScience
Science SantaBarbara,California Poznan´,Poland
Newark,NewJersey
Joe¨lGoossens
PhilipKaminsky
Universite´LibredeBrussels
PatrickDeCausmaecker
UniversityofCalifornia
DepartmentofDataProcessing
KaHoSint-Lieven
DepartmentofIndustrial
Brussels,Belgium
DepartmentofIndustrial
Engineering&Operations
Engineering
ValeryS.Gordon Research
Gent,Belgium
NationalAcademyofSciences Berkeley,California
ofBelarus
SudarshanK.Dhall
UnitedInstituteofInformatics JohnJ.Kanet
UniversityofOklahoma
SchoolofComputerScience Problems UniversityofDayton
Norman,Oklahoma Minsk,Belarus DepartmentofMIS,OM
andDS
MichaelF.Gorman
MaciejDrozdowski Dayton,Ohio
UniversityofDayton
Poznan´ UniversityofTechnology
DepartmentofMIS,OM,
InstituteofComputingScience
andDS HansKellerer
Poznan´,Poland
Dayton,Ohio UniversityofGraz
InstituteforStatistics&
Pierre-FrançoisDutot KevinI-J.Ho
OperationsResearch
CNRS ChunShanMedicalUniversity
Graz,Austria
LabInformatique DepartmentofInformation
etDistribution Management
SanjeevKhanna
Montbonnot,France Taiwan,China
UniversityofPennsylvania
KellyEaston DoritHochbaum DepartmentofComputer&
KansasStateUniversity UniversityofCalifornia InformationScience
SchoolofIndustrial& HaasSchoolofBusiness,and Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
ManufacturingSystems DepartmentofIndustrial
Engineering Engineering&Operations YoungManKim
Manhattan,Kansas Research KookminUniversity
Berkeley,California SchoolofComputerScience
G.Finke
Seoul,SouthKorea
PhilipHolman
IMAG
UniversityofNorthCarolina
Grenoble,France
DepartmentofComputer GiladKoren
ShelbyFunk Science Bar-IlanUniversity
UniversityofNorthCarolina ChapelHill,NorthCarolina ComputerScience
DepartmentofComputer Department
H.Hoogeveen
Science Ramat-Gan,Israel
UtrechtUniversity
ChapelHill,NorthCarolina
DepartmentofComputer
WieslawKubiak
Science
KarstenGentner MemorialUniversityof
Utrecht,Netherlands
UniversityofKarlsruhe Newfoundland
InstituteofEconomicTheory AntoineJouglet FacultyofBusiness
andOperationsResearch CNRS Administration
Karlsruhe,Germany Compie`gne,France St.John’s,Canada
xii
Description:Researchers in management, industrial engineering, operations, and computer science have intensely studied scheduling for more than 50 years, resulting in an astounding body of knowledge in this field. Handbook of Scheduling: Algorithms, Models, and Performance Analysis, the first handbook on schedu