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HANDBOOK OF RESEARCH METHODS AND APPLICATIONS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE Hans Keman and Jaap J. Woldendorp - 9781784710811 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 05:20:15PM via University College London MM44111133--KKEEMMAANN__TTEEXXTT ((vv22))..iinndddd ii 2222//1111//22001166 1111::2266 HANDBOOKS OF RESEARCH METHODS AND APPLICATIONS Series Editor: Mark Casson, University of Reading, UK The objective of this series is to provide definitive overviews of research methods in important fields of social science, including economics, business, finance and policy studies. The aim is to produce prestigious high quality works of lasting significance. Each Handbook consists of original contributions by leading authorities, selected by an editor who is a recognised leader in the field. The emphasis is on the practical application of research methods to both quantitative and qualitative evidence. The Handbooks will assist practising researchers in generating robust research findings that policy-makers can use with confidence. While the Handbooks will engage with general issues of research methodology, their primary focus will be on the practical issues concerned with identifying and using suitable sources of data or evidence, and interpreting source material using best-practice techniques. They will review the main theories that have been used in applied research, or could be used for such research. While reference may be made to conceptual issues and to abstract theories in the course of such reviews, the emphasis will be firmly on real-world applications. Titles in the series include: Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Urban Economies Edited by Peter Karl Kresl and Jaime Sobrino Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Empirical Finance Edited by Adrian R. Bell, Chris Brooks and Marcel Prokopczuk Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Empirical Macroeconomics Edited by Nigar Hashimzade and Michael Thornton Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Edited by Alan Carsrud and Malin Brännback Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Spatially Integrated Social Science Edited by Robert J. Stimson Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Economic Geography Edited by Charlie Karlsson, Martin Andersson and Therese Norman Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Environmental Studies Edited by Matthias Ruth Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Social Capital Edited by Yaojun Li Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Transport Economics and Policy Edited by Chris Nash Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Heterodox Economics Edited by Frederic S. Lee and Bruce Cronin Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Happiness and Quality of Life Edited by Luigino Bruni and Pier Luigi Porta Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Political Science Edited by Hans Keman and Jaap J. Woldendorp Hans Keman and Jaap J. Woldendorp - 9781784710811 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 05:20:15PM via University College London MM44111133--KKEEMMAANN__TTEEXXTT ((vv22))..iinndddd iiii 2222//1111//22001166 1111::2266 Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Political Science Edited by Hans Keman Professor Emeritus of Comparative Political Science, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands Jaap J. Woldendorp Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands HANDBOOKS OF RESEARCH METHODS AND APPLICATIONS Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA Hans Keman and Jaap J. Woldendorp - 9781784710811 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 05:20:15PM via University College London MM44111133--KKEEMMAANN__TTEEXXTT ((vv22))..iinndddd iiiiii 2222//1111//22001166 1111::2266 © Hans Keman and Jaap J. Woldendorp 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited The Lypiatts 15 Lansdown Road Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. William Pratt House 9 Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2016944285 This book is available electronically in the Social and Political Science subject collection DOI 10.4337/9781784710828 ISBN 978 1 78471 081 1 (cased) ISBN 978 1 78471 082 8 (eBook) Typeset by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire Hans Keman and Jaap J. Woldendorp - 9781784710811 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 05:20:15PM via University College London 1 0 MM44111133--KKEEMMAANN__TTEEXXTT ((vv22))..iinndddd iivv 2222//1111//22001166 1111::2266 Contents List of contributors xiii Acknowledgements xx Introduction 1 Hans Keman and Jaap J. Woldendorp PART I POLITICAL SCIENCE: RANGE, SCOPE AND CONTESTED METHODOLOGIES 1 Political science: researching a multifaceted topic in essentially contested ways 9 Philippe C. Schmitter 1 Introduction 9 2 Agents 10 3 Units 12 4 Motives 13 5 Mechanisms 14 6 Regimes 17 7 Methods 17 8 Theories 19 9 Conclusion 21 2 Epistemology and approaches: logic, causation and explanation 24 Dirk Berg- Schlosser 1 Introduction 24 2 The epistemological foundations of the social sciences 25 3 Thinking about causality 29 4 Conclusions 34 3 Taking critical ontology seriously: implications for political science methodology 38 Angela Wigger and Laura Horn 1 Introduction 38 2 The ‘critical’ in critical social science 39 3 Emancipation and social change in critical perspectives 41 4 Meta- theoretical commitments of critical social science 43 5 Methodological implications and critical research in political science 46 v Hans Keman and Jaap J. Woldendorp - 9781784710811 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 05:20:15PM via University College London MM44111133--KKEEMMAANN__TTEEXXTT ((vv22))..iinndddd vv 2222//1111//22001166 1111::2266 vi Handbook of research methods and applications in political science 6 Feminist perspectives as critical research 48 7 Concluding reflections 50 4 Relating theory and concepts to measurements: bridging the gap 54 Paul Pennings 1 Introduction 54 2 The basics of conceptualization 54 3 Transforming concepts into units of measurement 57 4 Validity: criteria to evaluate the quality of operationalization and measurements 58 5 From operationalization to data 60 6 Conclusion 62 5 On time and space: the historical dimension in political science 64 Hans Keman 1 Introduction 64 2 Theory, method and meta- choices 64 3 Political science and historical analysis 67 4 Analyzing politics over time and space 68 5 Ontologies, methodology and a few caveats 74 6 Conclusion 75 6 Systems theory: the search for a general theory of politics 79 Hans Keman 1 Introduction 79 2 The introduction of systems theory in political science 79 3 Systems theory and the study of politics 81 4 How a political system can be analyzed: parliamentary regimes 85 5 Conclusion: system theory and extant applications 91 PART II APPROACHES: EXPLORING POLITICAL INTERACTIONS 7 Applying multilevel governance 97 Arjan H. Schakel 1 Introduction 97 2 The development of the concept of multilevel governance 98 3 Multilevel governance in the European Union 100 4 Multilevel governance below and above the central state 102 5 Multilevel governance and methodological nationalism 105 6 Conclusion 106 Hans Keman and Jaap J. Woldendorp - 9781784710811 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 05:20:15PM via University College London MM44111133--KKEEMMAANN__TTEEXXTT ((vv22))..iinndddd vvii 2222//1111//22001166 1111::2266 Contents vii 8 Regime types: measuring democracy and autocracy 111 Manfred G. Schmidt 1 Introduction 111 2 Towards measuring democracies and autocracies 111 3 Democracy and autocracy measures for the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-f irst century 115 4 Political rights and civil liberties: the Freedom House ratings 118 5 ‘Status of democracy’ and governance- based indices of democratic and autocratic regimes 120 6 Advantages and limitations of the measurements of democracy and autocracy 122 9 Institutional analysis: progress and problems 127 B. Guy Peters 1 Introduction: the tradition of institutional analysis 127 2 Neo- institutionalism and the revival of institutional analysis 128 3 Creating institutional difference and its consequences 131 4 Institutions for managing difference 133 5 Challenges to institutional analysis 134 6 Conclusion: the promise of institutional analysis 137 10 Political actors: parties–interest groups–government 141 Nicole Bolleyer 1 Introduction 141 2 Political parties and interest groups between society and the state 143 3 Parties, interest groups and government 147 4 Conclusions 150 11 Social movements and political action 155 Bert Klandermans 1 Introduction 155 2 Participation in movement politics and party politics 157 3 Dynamics of political participation: theoretical framework 159 4 People and their motives: dynamics of demand 159 5 Organizations and their appeals: dynamics of supply and mobilization 162 6 Coda 165 12 International relations and transnational politics 169 Andreas Nölke 1 Foreword 169 Hans Keman and Jaap J. Woldendorp - 9781784710811 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 05:20:15PM via University College London MM44111133--KKEEMMAANN__TTEEXXTT ((vv22))..iinndddd vviiii 2222//1111//22001166 1111::2266 viii Handbook of research methods and applications in political science 2 Introduction: transnational versus inter- state politics 170 3 Policy network analysis as a method for distinguishing transnational politics and international relations 173 4 Framework conditions for the salience of transnational policy networks and empirical application 177 5 Summary and evaluation 179 13 Political economy: economic miracles and socio- economic performance 184 Barbara Vis, Jaap J. Woldendorp and Kees van Kersbergen 1 Introduction 184 2 Institutions, miracles and socio- economic performance 185 3 Miracles 191 4 Quantitative studies on (the variation in) socio- economic performance 192 5 Conceptualization of the dependent variable 194 6 Evaluation 198 14 Political theory and its normative methods 202 Keith Dowding 1 Introduction 202 2 What is the role of normative political theory? 203 3 Conceptual analysis 203 4 Evidence in normative theory 206 5 Constitutional theory 209 6 Socratic dialogue 210 PART III ANALYZING POLITICS: DATA–CONCEPTS–TECHNIQUES 15 Organizing and developing data sets: exemplified by the Party Government Data Set 217 Jaap J. Woldendorp 1 Introduction 217 2 The Party Government Data Set 219 3 Data on party government: more data needed on a lower level of aggregation 220 4 Data on the life cycle of party government 224 5 The institutional context 230 6 Conclusion 232 Hans Keman and Jaap J. Woldendorp - 9781784710811 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 05:20:15PM via University College London MM44111133--KKEEMMAANN__TTEEXXTT ((vv22))..iinndddd vviiiiii 2222//1111//22001166 1111::2266 Contents ix 16 Political institutions 234 Klaus Armingeon 1 Introduction 234 2 What are political institutions and what are they for? 234 3 How to operationalize institutions and where do we find the data? 238 4 What difference do institutions make? 240 17 Studying voting behavior 248 Joop J.M. van Holsteyn and Galen A. Irwin 1 Introduction 248 2 The goals of electoral research 248 3 Methods: prediction 248 4 Methods: explanation 250 5 Three main approaches of voting behavior 252 6 Other approaches 255 7 Concluding remark 257 18 The role of high- quality surveys in political science research 262 Sarah Butt, Sally Widdop and Lizzy Winstone 1 Introduction 262 2 What is a survey? 263 3 What makes a good survey? 265 4 Combining survey data with information from other sources 271 5 The future: do we still need surveys? 272 19 Quantitative data analysis in political science 281 Paul Pennings 1 Introduction 281 2 Discussion and applications of explorative and confirmative analysis 282 3 Discussion and applications of multivariate causal analysis 286 4 Conclusion 293 20 Models in political science: forms and purposes 295 Robin E. Best and Michael D. McDonald 1 Models in political science: forms and purposes 295 2 Basic features of models 295 3 Verbal models 296 4 Descriptive statistical models 297 5 Causal statistical models 300 6 Mathematical models 303 Hans Keman and Jaap J. Woldendorp - 9781784710811 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 05:20:15PM via University College London MM44111133--KKEEMMAANN__TTEEXXTT ((vv22))..iinndddd iixx 2222//1111//22001166 1111::2266 x Handbook of research methods and applications in political science 7 Computational models 305 8 Conclusion 306 21 Qualitative methods in political science 309 Selen A. Ercan and David Marsh 1 Introduction 309 2 The role of qualitative methods in political science research 310 3 Qualitative methods for generating data 313 4 Methods for analyzing qualitative data 316 5 Criticisms of qualitative research methods 318 6 Conclusion 320 22 Multilevel regression analysis 323 Jan Kleinnijenhuis 1 Introduction 323 2 An example of a hierarchically nested multilevel analysis 324 3 A multilevel model for nested FSI–WTSC multilevel data 327 4 An example of a cross- nested multilevel analysis: pooled time series 331 5 Primary lessons and further references 338 PART IV RESEARCH TOOLS: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE APPLICATIONS 23 Studying how policies affect the people: grappling with measurement, causality and the macro–micro divide 343 Staffan Kumlin and Isabelle Stadelmann- Steffen 1 Introduction 343 2 A multilevel analytical framework for research on policy feedback and citizens 345 3 Grappling with causality and measurement 349 4 Policy feedback research in practice: four recent applications 351 5 Conclusion: cross- level thinking 353 24 Regression analysis 359 Uwe Wagschal 1 Introduction 359 2 Application and capacity of regression analysis in political science 360 3 How to apply regression analysis 365 4 Strengths and weaknesses of regression analysis 380 Hans Keman and Jaap J. 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