Handbook of Port and Harbor Engineering: Geotechnical and Structural Aspects

1085 Pages·1997·144.171 MB·English

by  Gregory P. Tsinker Ph.D., P.E. (auth.)

Gregory Tsinker
Handbook Of Port And
Harbor Engineering
Geotechnical and structural aspects
HANDBOOK OF PORT AND
HARBOR ENGINEERING
JOIN US ON THE INTERNET
WWW: http:/ /www.thomson.com
EMAIL: [email protected]
thomson.com is the on-line portal for the products, services and
resources available from International Thomson Publishing (ITP).
This Internet kiosk gives users immediate access to more than 34 ITP
publishers and over 20,000 products. Through thomson.com Internet
users can search catalogs, examine subject-specific resource centers
and subscribe to electronic discussion lists. You can purchase ITP
products from your local bookseller, or directly through thomson.com.
Visit our Internet Resource Center for information on our new publications, links to
useful sites on the World Wide Web and an opportunity to join our e-mail mailing
list. Point your browser to: http://www.chaphall.com/chaphall.html or
http://www.chaphall.com/chaphall/civeng.html for Civil Engineering
I\~!)®P
A service of
HANDBOOK OF PORT AND
HARBOR ENGINEERING
GEOTECHNICAL AND STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
Gregory P. Tsinker, Ph.D., P.E.
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Cover Design: Andrea Meyer, emDASH inc., New York, NY
Cover Photo: Courtesy of Han-Padron Associates, New York, NY
Copyright © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1997
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1997
ISBN 978-1-4757-0865-3 ISBN 978-1-4757-0863-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-0863-9
All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any
form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or
information storage and retrieval systems-without the written permission of the publisher.
12345678910XXXOI 009997
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tsinker, Gregory P.
Handbook of port and harbor engineering : geotechnical and structural aspects I Gregory
P. Tsinker.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4757-0865-3
I. Harbors-Design and construction. 2. Marine geotechnique. I. Title.
TC205.T747 1996
627' .2-dc20 95-48487
CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available
To order this or any other Chapman & Hall book, please contact International Thomson Publishing, 7625
Empire Drive, Florence, KY 41042. Phone: [phone] or 1-800-842-3636.
Fax: [phone], e-mail: [email protected].
For a complete listing of Chapman & Hall's titles, send your requests to
Chapman & Hall, Dept. BC, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003.
To Nora
v
contents
Dedication v
Preface xix
Introduction xxv
Contributors xxxvii
1 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND ITS EFFECTS ON PORT DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 General 1
1.1.2 Seawater and Fouling 4
1.2 Water-level Variations 8
1.3 Weather Factors 10
1.4 Wind 12
1.4.1 General 12
vii
viii Contents
1.4.2 Wind Parameters 14
1.5 Currents 16
1.6 Waves 19
1.6.1 General 19
1.6.2 The Sea State Parameters 26
1.6.3 Wave Theories 31
1.6.4 Design Wave 33
1.7 Ice 37
1.7.1 Introduction 38
1.7.2 Ice Covers 39
1.7.3 Effects of Ice on Port Operations 47
1.7.4 Cold Temperature and Ice Effects on Marine Structures Design 54
References 61
2 PORT (HARBOR) ELEMENTS: DESIGN PRINCIPLES
AND CONSIDERATIONS 69
2.1 General 69
2.1.1 Port Classification 70
2.1.2 Port Details and Definitions 71
2.2 Ships and their Influence on Port Design 73
2.2.1 Ships 73
2.2.2 Ship Influence on Port Design 74
2.3 Access (Navigation) Channel 78
2.3.1 General 78
2.3.2 Navigational and Operational Parameters 79
2.3.3 Environmental Parameters 81
2.3.4 Layout 82
2.3.5 Channel Cross Section 84
2.3.6 Economic Considerations 96
Contents ix
2.4 Port (Harbor) Entrance 98
2.5 Port Water Area (Harbor) 106
2.5.1 Basin Sizes 107
2.6 Location, Orientation, Size, and Shape of the Port 112
2.6.1 Selection of Port Location 112
2.6.2 Size and Orientation of Marine Facilities 115
2.6.3 Harbor Area Requirements 115
2.7 Quay Basin 119
2.8 Offshore Installations 121
2.8.1 Offshore Bottom-Fixed Marine Facilities 121
2.8.2 Single-Point Offshore Moorings 123
2.9 Port-Related Marine Structures 124
2.9.1 Land Requirements 124
2.9.2 Dust and Noise Control 127
2.9.3 Berth Requirements 128
2.9.4 Structures 130
2.9.5 Selection of the Most Cost Effective Structure for Dock Construction 151
2.9.6 Constructability 153
2.10 Structural Materials 154
2.10.1 Structural Concrete 155
2.10.2 Underwater Concreting 172
2.10.3 Precast Concrete 178
2.10.4 Structural Steel in Port Engineering 180
2.10.5 Structural Timber 195
2.11 Breakwaters 198
2.12 In-Harbor Slope Protection 203
2.13 Aids to Navigation 204
2.14 Mooring Accessories 205
x Contents
2.15 Fender Systems 206
2.15.1 Timber Fenders 208
2.15.2 Solid Rubber Fenders 210
2.15.3 Pneumatic Fenders 216
2.15.4 Foam-Filled Fenders 222
2.15.5 Other Fender Systems 222
2.15.6 Fenders Failure 226
2.15.7 General Principles in Fender System Selection and Design 226
References · 232
3 DESIGN LOADS 243
3.1 General 243
3.2 Environmental Loads 244
3.2.1 Wind 245
3.2.2 Currents 248
3.2.3 Waves 251
3.3 Mooring Loads 260
3.3.1 Mooring Lines Arrangement 261
3.3.2 Mooring Line Materials 262
3.3.3 Mooring Forces 262
3.4 Loads From Cargo Handling and Hauling Equipment and Uniform
Distributed Loads 267
3.4.1 General Considerations 267
3.4.2 Design Load Assumptions 269
3.4.3 Uniform Distributed Cargo Loads and Miscellaneous Live Loads 271
3.4.4 Rubber Tire and Crawler Track Mounted Equipment 272
3.4.5 Rail-Mounted Cargo 279
3.4.6 Fixed-Base Equipment 282
3.5 Ship Impact (by M. Shiono in collaboration with G. Tsinker) 283
3.6 Ice Loads 293
3.6.1 General 293
3.6.2 Environmental Driving Forces 294
3.6.3 Ice-Crushing Load 295
3.6.4 Loads Due to Ice Bending Mode of Failure 297