Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing: Principles and Practices PDF
Preview Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing: Principles and Practices
Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing Principles and Practices Fourth Edition Saeid Mokhatab Gas Processing Consultant, Canada William A. Poe Senior Principal Technical Consultant, AVEVA, USA John Y. Mak Senior Fellow and Technical Director, Fluor, USA GulfProfessionalPublishingisanimprintofElsevier 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2019ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-815817-3 ForinformationonallGulfProfessionalPublishingpublicationsvisitourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:JoeHayton AcquisitionEditor:KatieHammon EditorialProjectManager:AliAfzal-Khan ProductionProjectManager:BharatwajVaratharajan CoverDesigner:GregHarris TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Disclaimer Thisbookisintendedtobealearningtool.Thematerialsdiscussedinthisbookarepresentedsolelyfor educationalpurposesandarenotintendedtoconstitutedesignspecificationsoroperatingprocedures. Whileeveryefforthasbeenmadetopresentcurrentandaccurateinformation,theauthorsassumeno liability whatsoeverfor anylossordamage resulting fromusing them. All rights reserved. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise be resold, lent, hired out, stored in a retrieval system, reproduced or translated into a machine language, or otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover, other than that in which it is published, without the prior written permission of the authors and without a similar requirement including these conditions being imposedon the subsequent purchaser. This book is dedicated to all professionals that preceded us: researchers, scientists, engineers, operators, and educators in the natural gas industry, who inspire us to assemble their knowledge andexperience,manifesting thisbook thatismuchneeded in today’s changing landscape of natural gas. With Contribution by Jean-Noe¨lJaubert, Romain Privat (Universite´ de Lorraine, France) and Epaminondas Voutsas (National Technical University of Athens, Greece) Authors ofChapter 2,Phase Behavior ofNatural Gas Systems WimVanWassenhove (Billington ProcessTechnology AS, Norway) Author ofChapter 19,Process ModellingandSimulation ofGas Processing Plants Laura A.Pellegrini,GiorgiaDe Guido, and StefanoLange´ (Politecnico di Milano, Italy) Authors ofChapter 22,Energy and Exergy Analyses ofNatural Gas Processing Plants xxvii About the Authors Saeid Mokhatab is one of the most recognizable names in the natural gas community through his contributionstoadvancingthetechnologiesinthenaturalgasprocessingindustry.Hehasbeenactively involved in different aspects of several large-scale gas processing projects, from conceptual design throughplantstartupandoperationssupport.Hehaspresentedongasprocessingtechnologiesworld- wideandhaspublished300technicalpapersandtworenownedElsevier’shandbooksincollaboration with leading experts from the largest international engineering companies and prominent process licensors.Hisnumerouspublications,whicharewidelyreadandhighlyrespected,havesetthetech- nicalstandardsinthenaturalgasprocessingindustryandareconsideredbymanyasmajorreferences to be used for any gas processing/LNG project in development. He founded the world’s first peer- reviewed journal devoted to natural gas science and engineering (published by Elsevier, the United States) and has held editorial positions for many scientific journals/book publishing companies in the hydrocarbon processing industry. He has also served as a member of technical committees for several professional societies and acclaimed gas processing conferences worldwide. As a result of his outstanding work in the natural gas industry, he has received a number of international awards and medals,and his biography has been listed inhighlyprestigious directories. WilliamA.“Bill”PoeisaSeniorPrincipalTechnicalConsultantatAVEVA,theUnitedStates.Hehas over 35years of international business and industrial experience in design, operations, and project managementofgasprocessingplantswithaspecialfocusonautomation,multivariablepredictivecon- trol(MPC),advancedprocesscontrol(APC),optimizationdesignandimplementation,andreal-time performancemonitoring.BillstartedhiscareeratShellOilCompany,USA,in1981,workingovera decade in natural gas processing plants operations and engineering as well as management of multimillion-dollarprojects.In1993,hejoinedContinentalControlstoleadtheprocessengineering department insupportofexecutingcontractswiththe GasResearch Institute, USA, where he devel- opednewmultivariablecontrolapplicationsinthenaturalgasindustry.AfterjoiningGEaspartofthe ContinentalControlsacquisition,hebecamevicepresidentofthisdivisionofGEwherehisresponsi- bilitiesincludeddirectionofproductdevelopment,projects,technicalsalessupport,andcustomerser- vicefor multivariable control andoptimization applications inthe naturalgas industry.In2001,Bill joinedInvensysProcessSystems,USA,wherehehasdevelopedAPCandOptimizationMasterPlans forinternationalcompaniessuchasSaudiAramco,ADNOC,Statoil,andPDVSA,aswellasautoma- tionandadvancedprocesscontrolfeasibilitystudiesforover100naturalgasprocessingplantsworld- wide. After Schneider Electric acquired Invensys Process Systems in 2014 and merged its software division with AVEVA in 2018, he has continued to work with the top gas processing companies. Bill is an Associate Editor of the Journal of Natural Gas Science & Engineering, has authored or coauthoredmorethan60technicalpapers,andmadenumeroustechnicalpresentationsatprestigious international conferences. He received the GE Innovators Award in 1999 and attained the Invensys Circle ofExcellence in2011. JohnY.MakisaSeniorFellowandTechnicalDirectoratFluor,theUnitedStates,andleadsthetech- nologyanddesigndevelopmentforFluorchemicalandenergydivision.Heisthetechnicalexpertand SMEwithFluorforover40yearsandhasbeenleadingmajoroilandgas,petrochemicalandrefinery projects from conceptual designs, feasibility studies, FEED development, detailed engineering, xxix xxx ABOUT THE AUTHORS to plant start-up and performance testing. John has made contributions to innovations in natural gas treating and processing, NGL recovery, LNG liquefaction and regasification, synthesis gas purifica- tion,andcarboncapturemethods.JohnisthecoauthoroftheHandbookofLiquefiedNaturalGas,first edition(2013)publishedbyElsevier,theUnitedStates.Hehaspublishedover80technicalpapersand has frequently presented his findings at technical conferences such as GPA Midstream Convention, GPA Europe, Laurance Reid Gas Conditioning Conference, LNG Summit, Offshore Technology Conference, GASTECH, and China Coal Forum. John is the inventor of over 90 patents and patent pending processes. John is specializing in more complex NGL recovery designs for conventional andunconventionalgases,treatinghighCO contentgasesusingphysicalsolvents,acidgasremoval 2 with amines,cryogenic nitrogenrejection, and helium recovery. Preface to the Fourth Edition Naturalgasisanabundantglobalresourceandisacleanburningfuelthatoffersimportantenviron- mental benefits compared to other fossil fuels. Natural gas is a versatile and safe source of energy thatisnecessarytobridgeustothefutureofrenewablesources.Thesurgeofnaturalgasproduction from unconventionalsources isremarkableand further underscorestheimportanceofgas process- ing.Inthisregard,itisfittingthatthemostup-to-datetechnicalmaterialscoveringthesesubjectsbe well-known to gas producers, gas processors, technical specialists, and project developers. While many publications and books are available, there is a lack of a comprehensive book that captures the complete natural gas value chain from well-head to the end-user. This updated book provides the basic theoretical and practical background, while also covering innovations and new develop- ments in the subject areas. Many interesting and exciting developments in the natural gas industry have emerged since the publication of the third edition in 2015 that provoked us to add and update several sections. We reviewed published materials and selected the most appropriate and viable innovations, combined with our own research and practical experience for updating. The result is a more complete and comprehensivereferencethatfullycoverstherangesoftoday’schallenginggasprocessingproblems. Six new chapters have been added to include detailed discussion of the thermodynamic and energy efficiency of relevant processes, and innovations in processing super-rich gas, high CO content 2 gas, andhigh nitrogen content gas with othercontaminants. Thisbookisamajorcontributiontotheprofessionalliteratureaswehaveattemptedtoconcentrate onwhatweperceivetobeanacceptabledesignandprovenpractices.Theorganizationofcontentad- dressesthedesignaspectsthatareimportanttostudentsintheengineeringcurricula,andtheoperating andtrouble-shootingfacetsforplantoperators.Wehopethishandbookprovidesthedesignreference and conveysvaluable experienceto both the beginnersand the experienced. Thepreparationofabookthatcoverssuch abroadsubjectrequires differentsourcesofinforma- tion. We gratefully acknowledge our indebtedness to all of the individuals who contributed to the developmentofthisbook.Aninvaluablecontributiontothiseditionistheinsightbyexpertsintheir specialties and applications. Special thanks are due to friends and colleagues, who encouraged, assessed, and made this book possible. Among them are Dr. Louis Mattar and Dr. Mehran Pooladi- DarvishoftheFeketeAssociatesInc.,Canada,whopreparedthesectionon‘NaturalGasExploration and Production’ in Chapter 1. We also appreciate Mr. Cris Heijckers of Kranji Solutions Pte Ltd., Singapore, for preparing a section on ‘Practical Design of Separation Systems’ in Chapter 5. We deeply acknowledge the greatest help of Dr. Rainer Kurz of Solar Turbines Inc., USA, in updating Chapter14.WethankMr.SidneyP.SantosofAtWorkRioEngineeringandConsultingLtd.,Brazil, forhisconstructivecommentsandsuggestionsonChapter15.Wealsoexpressoursincereapprecia- tiontoDr.ScottNorthropofExxonMobilUpstreamResearchCompany,USA,andMr.MichaelMitar- itenofAirLiquide,USA,whoprovidedvaluablecommentsforthebettermentofthebook.Finally,we appreciatetheeditorialstaffmembersofElsevierwhohavebeenanexcellentsourceofstrongsupport duringthe preparation and publication ofthis book. xxxi xxxii PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION Theaccelerateddeliveryofinformationcontainedinthishandbookisimportantasweallstriveto adapttothelatesttechnologyingasprocessingforagreenerandsaferenvironment.Ourmissionisto continuouslyfollowtheprogress,addnewmaterialsinthefutureeditions,andupdatethefundamental andpractical materials already inthisedition. Saeid Mokhatab WilliamA.Poe JohnY. Mak
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