Table Of Content

HANDBOOK OF MUSEUM TECHNIQUE CONTRIBUTORS : Zoology S. T.SATYAMURTI. MA, D.Sc., F.Z.S. Bo~ A Geology M.S. CHANDRASE~. B.Sc., F.B.S., Numismatic. P. N. MOHAN DAS.M.A., Arehaeology P. R. SRINIVASAN, M.A.. Anthropology C. J. JAYADEV, MA, L.T. Chemical CoD&er'Vation R. SUBRAMANIAN. M.A.. F.I.I.e. Published by : TIlE PRINCIPAL COMMISSIONER OF MUSEUMS, GOVERNMENT MUSEUM Chennai - 600 008. First Edition: 1960 Reprinted: 1998 © Commissioner of Museums, . Government of Tamil Nadu Title : Handbook of Mus~um Tech ;qUO Pub1isheWtcl~Rs.S. RANGAMANI. I. A. S, '. . Prineipal Commissioner QfMJs~ll:nl Year t 1998 No. of Copies : lQOO Price ,lU. 71/- (Rupees Seventy one Only}' Printed at : Pandian Offset, Chennai -4. Type Setting: Lazer System, Chennai -14.1l>: 8230878 CONTENTS PAGE General Introduction SECTION I. Preparation of Zoolocieal MWIeUJD Material-By 8. T. Satyamurti M.A., D.Sc., F.z.8., Superintendent, Government MWIeUJD, Madras. Introouction 1 Protozoa (One-celled animals) 1 Porifera (Sponges) 2 Corals 2 Hydroids, Sea anemones and Jelly rl8hea .. 3 Planarians (Flat Worms) 3 Marine Bristle Worms (Polychaeta). . 4 Earthworms (Ollgochaeta) .. 4 Leeches (Hirudinea) .. 4 Molluscs (Snails, Clams and other shell-bearing animals) - Wet preservation of Molluscs .. 5 Dry preservation of Shells 5 Echinoderms (Starrl8hes, Sea urchins, Sea cucumbers) 6 Arachnids and Myriapoda .. 7 Insects 8 Preparation of Insect Larvae 16 Crustacea (Crabs, Prawns, etc.) 18 Vertebrates: Fishes - Wet Preservation of Fishes 19 Preparing and Mounting a Fish as a Dry Specimen 21 Moulding and Casting a Fish .. 24 Amphibians (Frogs, Toads, etc.) 29 Preparation of Wax Cast of a Frog from Plaster Moulds .. 31 Preparation of Wax Cast of a Frog from Rubber Mould 31 Reptiles (Snakes, Lizards, Tortoises, etc.) - Wet Preservation of Reptiles .. 34 Dry Preservation of Reptiles 35 Preparing and Mounting a Tortoise 35 Preparation of Wax Cast of a Snake from Plaster Moulds 37 Birds - Skinning and Mounting a Pigeon 39 Preparation of Birds for Study Directions for Collecting and Preserving Birds' Eggs .. 46 CONTENTS ii PAGE Mammals- Preparing and Mounting a 8ID8ll mammal (Field Rat) 47 Preparation of a Small Mammal for Study 52 Mounting of Large Mammals 54 Directions for Tanning Hide 55 Preparation of Skeletons 56 Preparation of Enlarged Models of Animals 58 Wet Mounting of Zoological SpecimeJll! and Sealing Specimen Jars 59 Dry-mounting of Zoological Specimens 60 Preparation of Ac:ceaaories such as Graaa, Foliage, Rocks, etc., for Habitat Groups .. 61 APPENDIX A -'lbols, apparatus and materials .. 65 APPENDIX B. -Chemicala, Preservatives, solutions, etc. 69 APPENDIX C, -Firma supplying chemicala and equipment 73 APPENDIX D. -Helpers 73 APPENDIX E. -Bibliography 74 SECTIOND. Pl_t Lile-Collection and Preservation - By M. S. Cbandruekbar. B.Sc.. F.B.S. (Curator. 8o'-y _d GeolotD'Sectio. ... Government MD8eUID. Madras) Introduction 75 Thallophytes 78 Bryophytea 81 Pteridophytes 81 Gymnosperms 82 Angiosperms 82 Bibliography 99 SECTIONm. Preservation ofMinerala. Rocks, F088u., etc. - By M. S. Cbandruekbar, B.Sc., F.B.S. (Curator. 8o'-y _d GeolotD' Sections. Government Muaeum, Madras) Introduction 100 Minerals 100 Rocks 102 F088ila 102 Geological Models 103 Bibliography 107 SECTlONIY. On Coinage _d Preservation of Coins - By P. N. Mohan 0.., M. A. (Formerly Curator. N1IDliamatica Section, Government Muaeum, Madras) 108 APPENDIX I. -Materiels used for preparing models 113 APPENDIX II. -Some addreaaea of Coin dealers 114 APPENDIX III. -Bibliography .. 114 CONTENTS iii SECTION V. PAGE Materiala for lliatory • By P. R. Srinivasan, M.A. (Curator, Archaeological Section, GoverDlllent MuseUID, Madras). Introduction 115 Epigraphy General 120 Sc.:ripts 120 Language .. 121 Contents.. .. 129 Muslim Inscriptions 130 Technique of preparing impressions of inscriptions - Materils required for the work 131 Inscriptions on Stone - Process A 132 Process B 133 Inscriptions on metal 133 Prehistoric period 134 .V edic period 134 Post-Vedic period 135 Main categories of buildings 135 Stupas - Kinds of Stupas 136 Form of Stupas 136 Special features of the Stupas of different regions 136 History of the Stupas 137 Rock cut caves - Early caves 138 Types of caves 138 Chaitya-halls .. 138 Vlharas .. 139 Caves of Western India 139 Caves of Kalinga 139 Later caves of Ajanta and other places 139 Latest caves 140 Temples - Early temples .. 140 Beginnings of Sikhara temples 141 Three ancient styles of temple architecture .. 141 Plans of temples .. 141 Survey of temples in different styles - Nagara style .. 143 Bhubanesvar temples 143 Temples at Khajuraho 144 Jain temples 144 Deccani style .. 144 iv CONTENTS PAGE Technique of preparing impressions of inieriptions -cont. Tamilian style - Pallava temples 146 Chola temples 147 Architecture during VJjayanagar period 148 Nayak contribution to Architecture 148 Architecture of the modem period 148 Indo-Islamic Architecture The Kbalji period 149 The 'fughluq period 150 The Sayyid perioc:t 150 TheLodi period 150 Provincial styles 150 Mughal Architecture .. 150 The Suri style .. 151 Akbar's period .. 151 Jahangir's period 151 Shah Jahan's period 151 Post-Shah Jahan period 151 Sculpture - Mauryan sculpture 152 Sunga sculpture 153 Andhrasculpture . 153 Indigenous sculpture of Kushan times 1M Graeco-Buddhist sculpture .. 1M Gupta sculpture 155 Chalukyan sculpture and its derivatives 155 Tamilian sculpture Pallava period .. 156 Early Chola period 156 Later Chola period 157 Vijayanagar period 157 Modem period 157 Metal sculpture 157 Terracottas 158 Paintings - Murals 159 Miniature paintings of Eastern India 161 Western Indian 161 Rajasthani 161 Pahari or Hill Schools 161 Mughal .. 162 Bazaar paintings ofTanjore and other places 162 Arrangement of the materials for History in a Museum 163 Collection 171 Replicas and casts 171 Packing and transport of sculptures, etc. 171 CONTENTS v PAGE Arrangement of the materials for History in a Museum-Cont. Paintings, etc. . . 172 Registering the articles 173 Storing of antiquities . . 174 Treatment and preservation. . 175 Display. . 176 Labelling 176 Lighting 176 Guide service 177 Posters, pamphlets, picture post-cards 177 Research publications 178 Popularisation of the Museum: Announcement of recent additions. 179 Special articles 179 Radio broadcasts 179 Association with Universities, etc. 179 Publishing bulletins 179 Special exhibitions 179 Mobile exhibition 180 Excursions to historical places 180 Administration 180 Bibliography .. 181 SEC1'ION VI. Man and His Cultural Beginnings - By C. J. Jayadev, M.A., L.T . Assistant Superintendent, Government Museum, Madras. Introduction 191 Prehistory of Prehistoric Archaeology 191 Physical Anthropology and the Races of India 192 Social and Cultural Anthropology 193 Collection of Anthropological exhibits 193 Preservation of Anthropological Museum specimens 194 Special methods in the preservation of Anthropological Museum specimens - A Objects of Animal Origin .. 195 B. Objects of Vegetable Origin .197 C. Objects of Mineral Origin .. 198 APPENDICES (i) Chemicals used in preservation 200 (ii) The location of pre-historic or archaeological sites 200 (iii) Sites from where pre-historic stone implements could be collected 201 (iv) Advisory institutions .201 (v) Bibligraphy 202 vi CONTENTS PAGE SECTION VII Chemical Methoda of RestoratioD and Pre.ervatioD of MueuM Exhibits - By R. Subramani. ... M.A., JI'.I~C. (JI'OriDerly, Curator, Chemical CoDllervatioD Section, GoverDJIleat MwreuJB, Madras). Introduction 203 Restoration and Preservation· (1) Copper and Bronze .. 204 (a) Electrolytic Method 205 (b) Electro-chemical Method 207 (c) Chemical Methoci 207 (2) Silver 208 (3) Iron 209 (4) Lead 210 (5) ~rints, Drawings, etc. . 210 (a) Bleaching Processes 211 (b) Removal ofstains 213 (c) Fumigation 213 (6) Bone and Ivory 213 Resins, Waxes and Drying oila 214 Appendix A: List ofChemica1s and Materials employed in Chemical Restorative and Preservative Work .. 216 Appendix B : Publications consulted 220 Appendix C : Additional References 221