Table Of ContentHANDBOOK OF
METHODS AND
INSTRUMENTATION IN
SEPARATION SCIENCE
VOLUME 1
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HANDBOOK OF
METHODS AND
INSTRUMENTATION IN
SEPARATION SCIENCE
VOLUME 1
Editors
IAN D. WILSON
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, UK
COLIN F. POOLE
Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
Boston (cid:129) Heidelberg (cid:129) London (cid:129) New York (cid:129) Oxford
Paris (cid:129) San Diego (cid:129) San Francisco (cid:129) Singapore (cid:129) Sydney (cid:129) Tokyo
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
Copyright^2009ElsevierLtd.AllRightsReserved.
MaterialintheworkoriginallyappearedinEncyclopediaofSeparationScience,editedby
IanD.Wilson,EdwardR.Adlard,MichaelCookeandColinF.Poole(AcademicPress2000)
ThefollowingarticleisCanadianCrownCopyright
Large-ScaleCentrifugation
Copyright^2000MinisterofPublicWorksandGovernmentServices,Canada
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includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfrom
thepublisher.
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Preface
Thishandbookisdirectedtotheneedsofscientistsrequiringconciseoverviewsandtargetedsummariesofthe
mainmethodsemployedforseparations.ItisaworkderivedfromthesuccessfulEncyclopediaofSeparation
Science on-line edition with a new focus on the fundamentals of methods and instrumentation employed in
separations. These days it is a simple task to obtain a massive amount of information on any separation
method by a keyword search. For the busy professional the problem is fishing out just the information that
oneneedsatthatparticularmoment.Thisrequiresamoretargetedresourceandsimplifiedsearchmechanism
asprovidedbythishandbook.Theknowledgeinanyfieldhasgrownexponentiallyinmoderntimesandthe
idea of a generalist in science has disappeared to be replaced by specialists with a detailed knowledge of a
narrowspectrumofmodernscience.Outsideourspecialistareaweallbecomenovicesandrelyupongeneral
sources of information for orientation before taking on assimilating the detailed information required for a
research project. This is the interface that this handbook was conceived to fill. In a single source it affords
accesstogeneralbackgroundmaterialtoenabletheprofessionaltoquicklyassimilate,sort,andinterpretthe
dense information associated with a comprehensive literature search.
Separationscienceisaverydiversetopicandtogivethecurrentworksomestructureandorganizationthat
is simple to follow the editor has adopted a general hierarchical structure arranged alphabetically for the
primary separation methods. These methods are indicated as affinity, centrifugation, chromatography,
crystallization, distillation, electrophoresis, extraction, floatation, ion exchange, membranes, and particle
size.Eachmethodhasageneraloverviewarticleassociatedwithitforquickorientationofthemainfeatures
ofthemethodanditsgeneraluses.Again,arrangedalphabetically,eachmethodhasassociatedwithitaseries
of secondary articles that provide a spotlight on a specific topic. For example, from the general article on
chromatography, the reader is guided to seek specific information on the main methods of chromatography
identified as gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, thin-layer
(planar) chromatography, and countercurrent chromatography. Through these associated articles the reader
is guided to targeted articles on the historical development, theory, column chemistry, separation mech-
anisms, and instrumentation by different numbers of articles based on a comprehensive coverage of each
topic.Thus,ittakeslittletimetoenteranunfamiliarfieldandquicklyarriveatanarticleattherequireddetail
for the readers purpose, be that basic or at the forefront of knowledge.
Thediversityofseparationmethodsalsorequirestheinputofmanycontributorswhohavejusttheexpert
knowledgerequiredtoauthoritativelydescribethecoreknowledgeintheirspecialization.Thehandbookcan
be considered a compilation of the essence of separations written by individual specialists to enable fellow
professionals to quickly launch projects in areas other than their own specialization and to share their
knowledgeinacondensedandreadilyaccessibleform.Thesuccessofthisworkisdueentirelytothesupport
and enthusiasm of the talented team of authors assembled for this work.
This handbook is a guide providing general information concerning its subject matter; it is not a pro-
ceduresmanual.Thereadersshouldconsultcurrentproceduralmanualsforstate-of-the-artinstructionsand
applicable government safety regulations. The publisher and authors do not accept responsibility for any
misuse of this handbook, including its use as a procedural manual or as a source of specific instructions.
Colin F. Poole
Editor
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Contents
Affinity Membranes K Haupt, S M A Bueno 1
Affinity Partitioning in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems G Johansson 8
Affinity Separations K Jones 19
Analytical Ultracentrifugation J L Cole 34
Biochemical Engineering Aspects of Affinity Separations H A Chase 41
Centrifugation D N Taulbee, M Mercedes Maroto-Valer 49
Chromatography C F Poole 72
Countercurrent Chromatography: Extrusion–Elution A Berthod, M-J Ruiz-Angel, M Hassoun 97
Countercurrent Chromatography: Instrumentation W D Conway 105
Countercurrent Chromatography: Large-Scale I A Sutherland 115
Countercurrent Chromatography: Overview Yoichiro Ito 126
Covalent Chromatography K Brocklehurst 136
Decanters A G Letki 143
Dye Ligands Y D Clonis 153
Gas Chromatography: Chiral Separations V Schurig 159
Gas Chromatography: Column Technology W Jennings 168
Gas Chromatography: Derivatization P Husˇek 176
Gas Chromatography: Detectors: General D McMinn 186
Gas Chromatography: Detectors: Infrared Spectrometry P R Griffiths 191
Gas Chromatography: Detectors: Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry D Young, C L P Thomas 198
Gas Chromatography: Detectors: Mass Spectrometry M R Clench, LW Tetler 208
Gas Chromatography: Detectors: Selective E R Adlard 216
Gas Chromatography: Gas–Solid Chromatography J de Zeeuw 225
Gas Chromatography: Headspace Gas Chromatography B Kolb 233
Gas Chromatography: High-Speed Gas Chromatography A Andrews 241
Gas Chromatography: High Temperature Gas Chromatography P Sandra, F David 251
Gas Chromatography: Historical Development E R Adlard, C F Poole 259
Gas Chromatography: Large-Scale Gas Chromatography P Jusforgues 266
Gas Chromatography: Multidimensional Gas Chromatography P Marriott 273
Gas Chromatography: Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography C E R Jones 282
Gas Chromatography: Sampling Systems I W Davies 289
Gas Chromatography: Theory of Gas Chromatography PA Sewell 297
Hydrodynamic Chromatography A Revillon 307
viii Contents
Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography H P Jennissen 321
Immobilized Boronates/Lectins W H Scouten 329
Immobilized Metal Ion Chromatography D P Blowers 334
Immunoaffinity Chromatography I D Wilson, D Stevenson 341
Imprint Polymers PA G Cormack, K Haupt, K Mosbach 347
Large-Scale Centrifugation T Beveridge 357
Liquid Chromatography–Gas Chromatography K Grob 367
Liquid Chromatography: Column Testing and Evaluation M Kele, P C Iraneta 372
Liquid Chromatography: Derivatization I S Krull, R S Strong 379
Liquid Chromatography: Detectors: Evaporative Light Scattering R P W Scott 387
Liquid Chromatography: Detectors: Fluorescence Detection R P W Scott 392
Liquid Chromatography: Detectors: Infrared Spectrometry R P W Scott 399
Liquid Chromatography: Detectors: Laser Light Scattering R P W Scott 407
Liquid Chromatography: Detectors: Mass Spectrometry M R Clench, LW Tetler 412
Liquid Chromatography: Detectors: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance M Dachtler, T Glaser,
H Ha¨ndel, T Lacker, L H Tseng, K Albert 419
Liquid Chromatography: Detectors: Refractive Index Detectors R P W Scott 433
Liquid Chromatography: Detectors: Ultraviolet and Visible Detection A C Gilby 441
Liquid Chromatography: Electrochromatography N Smith 456
Liquid Chromatography: Flash Chromatography C F Poole 464
Liquid Chromatography: Historical Development V R Meyer 470
Liquid Chromatography: Instrumentation W R LaCourse 478
Liquid Chromatography: Large-Scale Liquid Chromatography H Colin, G B Cox 485
Liquid Chromatography: Mechanisms: Chiral I W Wainer 491
Liquid Chromatography: Mechanisms: Gradient Polymer Chromatography G Glo¨ckner 496
Liquid Chromatography: Mechanisms: Ion Chromatography P R Haddad 505
LiquidChromatography:Mechanisms:IonExclusionChromatography KTanaka,PRHaddad 515
Liquid Chromatography: Mechanisms: Ion-Pair Chromatography J Sta˚hlberg 524
Liquid Chromatography: Mechanisms: Micellar Liquid Chromatography M L Marina, M A
Garcı´a 533
Liquid Chromatography: Mechanisms: Normal Phase R P W Scott 545
Liquid Chromatography: Mechanisms: Reversed Phase U D Neue 551
Liquid Chromatography: Mechanisms: Size-Exclusion Chromatography S Holding 558
Liquid Chromatography: Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography K Hostettmann, C
Terreaux 567
Liquid Chromatography: Monolithic Columns E S P Bouvier 574
Liquid Chromatography: Multidimensional Chromatography P Campı´ns-Falco´,
R Herra´ez-Herna´ndez 581
Contents ix
Liquid Chromatography: Theory of Liquid Chromatography PA Sewell 591
Liquid Chromatography: Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography U D Neue 600
Macromolecular Interactions: Characterization by Analytical Ultracentrifugation D J Winzor 607
Method Validation M Swartz 614
Paper Chromatography I D Wilson 621
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Chiral N Bargmann-Leyder, M Caude, ATambute 629
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Detection: Infrared Spectrophotometry M W Raynor,
K D Bartle 642
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Historical Development TA Berger 653
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Instrumentation TA Berger 659
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Large-Scale Separations P Jusforgues, M Shaimi 667
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Theory of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
TA Berger 677
Theory and Development of Affinity Chromatography R Scopes 687
Theory of Centrifugation A G Letki 694
Thin-Layer Chromatography: Chiral Separations L Lepri, M Del Bubba 701
Thin-Layer Chromatography: Detection: Densitometry and Image Analysis P E Wall 716
Thin-Layer Chromatography: Detection: Flame-Ionization Detection R G Ackman 726
Thin-Layer Chromatography: Detection: Radioactivity Detection T Clark 733
Thin-Layer Chromatography: Development: Conventional T H Dzido 741
Thin-Layer Chromatography: Development: Forced Flow and Centrifugal S Nyiredy 752
Thin-Layer Chromatography: Historical Development E Reich 765
Thin-Layer Chromatography: Instrumentation D E Jaenchen, E Reich 770
Thin-Layer Chromatography: Large-Scale Separations S Nyiredy 778
Thin-Layer Chromatography: Layer Properties F Rabel 789
Thin-Layer Chromatography: Spray Reagents P E Wall 796
Thin-Layer Chromatography: Theory of Thin-Layer Chromatography A Siouffi, G Guiochon 805
Index 821
