Handbook of Laboratory Animal Management and Welfare, Third Edition PDF
Preview Handbook of Laboratory Animal Management and Welfare, Third Edition
Handbook of Laboratory Animal Management and Welfare Handbook of Laboratory Animal Management and Welfare Third edition Sarah Wolfensohn BSc, MA, VetMB, Cert LAS, CBiol, FIBiol, Dip ECLAM, MRCVS Head of Department, Veterinary Services, University of Oxford and Maggie Lloyd MA, VetMB, CertLAS, DipHE, MRCVS Home Office © 2003 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Editorial Offices: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Tel: +44 (0)1865 776868 Iowa State Press, a Blackwell Publishing Company, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA Tel:+1 515 292 0140 Blackwell Publishing Asia, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia Tel: +61 (0)3 8359 1011 The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 1994 by Oxford University Press Second edition published 1998 by Blackwell Science Third edition published 2003 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wolfensohn, Sarah. Handbook of laboratory animal management and welfare/Sarah Wolfensohn, Maggie Lloyd.– 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 1-4051-1159-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Laboratory animals – Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Animal welfare – Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Animal experimentation – Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Lloyd, Maggie. II. Title. SF406.W64 2003 636.088′5 – dc22 2003015192 ISBN 1-4051-1159-3 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in Times Printed and bound in the UK using acid-free paper by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com This book is dedicated to our families, Simon, Rebecca and Joseph, Andrew, Michael and Elizabeth in recognition of the unfailing support they have given us Contents Acknowledgements xii SECTION 1: GENERAL 1 Education and training for the licence holder 3 Introduction 3 Attitudes 3 Training 4 Core competencies of personal licence holders 7 Further information 8 Websites 10 2 The regulatory framework 15 A brief history of the use of animals in research 15 Legislation and animal use 16 The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 18 Communication 33 The ethics of using animals in experiments 33 Statistics of animal usage 37 Legislation controlling use of animals in experiments in other countries 37 Other relevant legislation in the UK 39 Further information 39 3 Health, safety and security 41 Legal framework 41 The hazards 45 Miscellaneous health and safety hazards and risks 54 Lone working 56 Employee security 56 Summary 57 Further information 57 4 Pain, stress and humane end points 59 What is stress? 59 Assessment of pain and distress 60 Quantification of pain and distress 61 Defining the humane end point 63 viii Contents Development of distress scoring systems 65 Further information 72 5 Humane methods of killing 74 Introduction 74 Preparation for humane killing 76 Schedule 1 methods 77 Other methods 81 Confirmation of death and disposal of carcases 82 Choice of methods 82 Further information 84 6 Introduction to laboratory animal husbandry 85 Selection of animals 85 Health monitoring 87 Supply of laboratory animals 94 Transport of laboratory animals 95 Handling laboratory animals 96 Introduction to laboratory animal husbandry 97 Further information 105 Websites 106 7 Anaesthesia of laboratory animals 107 Choosing an anaesthetic 107 Pre-operative care 109 Pre-anaesthetic drugs 110 General anaesthesia: inhalation or injection? 112 General anaesthetic drugs 113 Anaesthetic management 129 Muscle relaxation in anaesthesia 134 A guide to anaesthetics/analgesics and related drugs 136 Further information 137 8 Management of pain, suffering, distress and lasting harm 138 Animal care: management of distress 139 Management of pain 142 Post-operative care 146 Additional considerations in pain management 147 Further information 148 9 Conduct of minor procedures 150 Administration of substances 150 Legal categories and restrictions governing the use of drugs used in experimental animals 158 Removal of blood 159 Contents ix Record keeping 169 Indwelling cannulae, arterial loops and fistulae 169 Miscellaneous methods of administration and sampling 172 Polyclonal antibody production in laboratory animals 175 Animal models 178 Equipment for carrying out minor procedures 179 Further information 180 10 Introduction to surgery and suturing 182 Introduction to surgical biology 182 Principles of surgery 184 Surgical techniques 191 Surgical equipment 194 Perioperative antibiosis and post-operative wound infections 199 Suturing techniques and materials 200 Summary 211 Further information 212 11 The project licence application 213 Introduction 213 The project licence application 215 The application process 227 Assessment of the application 228 Project licence management 229 Further information 230 Websites 230 SECTION 2: SPECIES For each species covers: Behaviour Handling Housing Pain and stress recognition Feeding Common diseases and health monitoring Water Biological data and useful reference data Environment Drug doses for anaesthesia Breeding Drug doses for analgesia Growth 12 Small laboratory animals 233 Rodents 233 Mouse 233 Rat 241 Hamster 248 Gerbil 252 Guinea pig 256 x Contents Rabbit 262 Further information 270 13 Genetically modified animals and harmful mutants 272 Introduction 272 Creation of genetically altered animals 273 Legislative requirements 275 Monitoring genetically modified and harmful mutant animals 276 Management of genetically modified and harmful mutant animals 278 Summary 279 Further information 279 14 Carnivores 281 Dog 281 Cat 290 Ferret 298 Further information 303 15 Primates 304 Supply of non-human primates 304 Psychological well-being 306 Nutrition 307 New World monkeys 308 Old World monkeys 310 Handling primates 315 Pain and stress recognition 318 Common diseases and health monitoring 320 Doses of drugs for anaesthesia in primates 322 Further information 324 Website 325 16 The larger domestic species 326 Supply 326 Pigs 327 Ruminants 337 Sheep 341 Goats 348 Cattle 353 Equines 358 Further information 364 17 Birds 365 Introduction 365 Anatomical features 365 Physiological features 368 Contents xi Behaviour 369 Housing and husbandry 369 Feeding 370 Reproduction 370 Handling 370 Pain and stress recognition 372 Common diseases and health monitoring 372 Anaesthesia 373 Post-operative care 375 Analgesics 376 Useful data 378 Further information 379 Website 379 18 Amphibia 380 Introduction 380 Anurans 381 Caudata (urodeles) 386 Handling 389 Anaesthesia 389 Techniques 390 Further information 391 Websites 391 19 Wild animals 392 General considerations 392 Considerations under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 394 Health and safety considerations 396 Identification of wild animals 396 Anaesthesia of wild animals 396 Further information 402 Websites 403 Glossary 404 Index 409 Acknowledgements Mr Chris Trower made a significant contribution to Chapter 16 for which we are very grateful. Mr Roger Francis made helpful comments on birds and exotic species and provided photographs. Thanks are also due to our colleagues both at Oxford Univer- sity Veterinary Services and the Home Office for their advice and comments, particu- larly Dr Manuel Berdoy, Mr Paul Finnemore and Dr Paul Honess.
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