Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan: A project of the National Partnership to End Interpersonal Violence Across the Lifespan (NPEIV) PDF
Preview Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan: A project of the National Partnership to End Interpersonal Violence Across the Lifespan (NPEIV)
· Robert Geffner Jacquelyn W. White · L. Kevin Hamberger Alan Rosenbaum · Viola Vaughan-Eden Victor I. Vieth Editors Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan A project of the National Partnership to End Interpersonal Violence Across the Lifespan (NPEIV) Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan (cid:129) (cid:129) Robert Geffner Jacquelyn W. White (cid:129) (cid:129) L. Kevin Hamberger Alan Rosenbaum (cid:129) Viola Vaughan-Eden Victor I. Vieth Editors Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan A project of the National Partnership to End Interpersonal Violence Across the Lifespan (NPEIV) With254Figuresand107Tables Editors RobertGeffner JacquelynW.White InstituteonViolence DepartmentofPsychologyCollegeofArtsand AbuseandAlliantInternationalUniversity Sciences SanDiego,CA,USA UniversityofNorthCarolinaatGreensboro Greensboro,NC,USA L.KevinHamberger AlanRosenbaum DepartmentofFamilyandCommunity DepartmentofPsychology Medicine NorthernIllinoisUniversity MedicalCollegeofWisconsin DeKalb,IL,USA Milwaukee,WI,USA ViolaVaughan-Eden VictorI.Vieth EthelynR.StrongSchoolofSocialWork EducationandResearch NorfolkStateUniversity ZeroAbuseProject Norfolk,VA,USA St.Paul,MN,USA ISBN978-3-319-89998-5 ISBN978-3-319-89999-2(eBook) ISBN978-3-319-90000-1(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89999-2 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword Whenwethinkofviolence,ourmindisdrawntoanexperienceweorsomeonewe knowhashadortoarecentstoryinthenewsaboutasingletypeofviolence,perhaps amassshooting,domesticviolence,organgactivity.However,therearemanyforms ofviolenceandanyofusbeingquizzedwouldbehardpressedtonamethefullset.A subsample includes psychological, sexual and physical child abuse, sexual assault, intimate partner violence, sex and labor trafficking, cyber abuse, hate crimes, neglect,elderabuse, petabuse,stalking,gangviolence,andmore.Fromthestand- pointofresearch, clinical practice,andsocialservices,themanydifferentformsof interpersonalviolencehavebeenlargelyseparateareasofwork.Thisisunderstand- ablebecauseanyonearearequiresspecializedtrainingandunderstandingtoaddress the challenges. Indeed, we can see from this Handbook of Interpersonal Violence andAbuseAcrosstheLifespanthateachtypeofinterpersonalviolencehasitsown body of knowledge in terms of what is known about the prevalence, risk and protective factors, key moderators, and available interventions, services, and gov- ernment policies. What has been increasingly recognized is that the very different areas of interpersonal violence have extraordinary commonalities, blur into each other, and often go together. We know now that different types of interpersonal violenceandabuse: (cid:129) Share a commonset offactors,especially early inlife, that increaseor decrease theriskforbeingavictimorperpetratorofviolence (cid:129) Connectwithseveralindividual,interpersonal,social,andculturalissues,includ- ingtrauma,powerandcontrol,oppression,sexandgender,cultureandethnicity, poverty,discrimination,anduntowardlivingconditions,tomentionafew (cid:129) Generate a similar set of deleterious outcomes related to mental and physical health,substanceuseandabuse,deficitsinfundamentalpsychologicalprocesses (e.g.,cognition,learning,andmemory)andsocialfunctioning(e.g.,interpersonal relations more generally, job performance), and, if these were not sufficient, increasedsuicideratesandearlydeath (cid:129) Reflect common biological assaults, asreflected inproblems inbrain,hormone, endocrine,andimmunefunctions (cid:129) Blur into each other so that an individual who is a victim or perpetrator of interpersonal violence at one point in life (e.g., abuse in childhood, bullying in v vi Foreword adolescence)isatgreatlyincreasedriskforanothertypeofabuseorperpetration later(e.g.,daterape,abusingapartner) (cid:129) Can be altered and that interventions effective in reducing one type of violence oftencanreduceothertypesofviolenceaswell (cid:129) Exert an enormous economic burden resulting from the broad and enduring effectsoftrauma,victimization,andperpetuationofviolence (cid:129) Converge to reflect an enormous public health and human rights problem that reaches diverse groups, at all ages, and is a source of tragedy and trauma, often lifelong. What is needed is a resource that brings together areas that have been largely separate from the standpoint of research, intervention, services, and policy. The Handbook provides exactly that resource and gives us an up-to date evaluation of individualareaswhileunderscoringthecommonalitiesandinterconnections. The editors have produced a work that is massive in scope by including over 400 contributors, over 200 chapters, and comprising 5 volumes. This is a resource withoutpeerincontentandscope,butmorethanthatsetsthestageofhowtoview the entire domain ofinterpersonalviolence and abuse. Even withsuch diversity of topics, there is remarkable coherence in the different contributions. This was achieved in at least four ways. First, the chapters adhere to an overall conceptual focus in which interpersonal violence is elaborated at multiple levels, including individuals, relationships, communities, and society. Second, the chapters provide adevelopmentalperspectivethatconveyshowviolenceoccursatdifferentagesand stages (infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and the elderly) and, impor- tantly,howthetypesofviolenceandtheperiodsinwhichtheyoccurareverymuch related to violence at other stages. Third, multiple influences including biological, psychological, familial, situational, and cultural contexts are included. Finally, the chaptersattendtoperpetratorsandvictimsofviolenceincludingthosewhoareboth perpetrators and victims. These unifying levels and foci embrace the intricacies of violencewhileallowingonetoseetheoverallcommonalitiesinacohesiveway. By integrating multiple sources and types of violence, we can also get a better picture of what is being done and what is needed to improve services. To be sure, many organizations and agencies (government and nongovernment, national and international) arecommitted to preventing, reducing, and eliminating interpersonal violence and abuse. One such organization, the National Partnership to End Inter- personal Violence Across the Lifespan, has served as the impetus for bringing the largesetscholarstogethertocompletethissetofvolumes. Given these connections and commonalities, the study of violence is inherently collaborative,multidisciplinary,andinternational.Tounderstandviolenceandhave impact on its amelioration requires many different disciplines, including but not restrictedtopublichealth,psychology,socialwork,education,criminaljustice,law and social policy, nursing, and medicine including many of its branches (e.g., psychiatry,pediatrics,emergencymedicine).Moreover,therearemanystakeholders whose participation is central, including practitioners, advocates and survivors of violenceandabuse,healthcareworkers,religiousandspiritualleaders,government Foreword vii agentsdevotedtohealth,fundingagencies,andofcoursevictimsandperpetrators. The challenge is harnessing the range of participants. The huge first step is recog- nizing and documenting the need for integration and showing how integrative interventionscanhaveimpact.TheHandbookconveysthisandmore. The volumes are about interpersonal violence and abuse, so the content is not merelyacademicbutfocusesonsufferingandonascalethatdoesnotlosesightthat millions of individuals have been and are being traumatized, permanently injured, andkilled.Theyareindividualswithlittleornocontrolandoftennorecourse.The upbeatpartisthatsomeofourbestscientistsandminds,thatis,contributorstothese volumes,areworkingintheareas,havemadepalpableprogressinunderstandingthe problem, have developed interventions for treatment and prevention, and advocate for improved policies and services that make a difference. Already there are many evidence-based and promising practices programs, and these are reviewed. Once evidence-basedinterventionsareidentified,invariablyachallengeistoscalethemto reachthelargenumbersinneed,toensurethattheyreachthepeopleleastlikelyto receivecarebecauseofallsortsofbarriers,andthentoobtainthedatatoshowthatin factpositiveoutcomeshavebeenachieved.Advancesintechnology(e.g.,bigdata, machine learning, tracking behavior in real time) and the pervasiveness of social mediainitsmanyformsmighthelpaddressthesechallenges,andthatprospecttoo addstothehope. The Handbook will have broad appeal. Professionals from multiple disciplines willbeinterested inthisbookbecause itisauniquesource thataccommodatesthe scope of interpersonal violence and abuse; gives conceptual perspectives; covers past, present, and future directions; and looks carefully at the strengths and limita- tionsofwhathasbeendonetoaddressviolence.Moreover,violenceconnectswith so many areas of research, including child and adolescent development, trauma, cultural and ethnic studies, gender studies, disability, health care, immigration, criminal justice, substance use – it is endless. Individuals beginning or pondering their careers can find a buffet of urgent areas of work where breakthroughs in science,services,and policycansavelivesand improve well-being. Thebook isa remarkableresourceandiswithoutpeerinitsscope,accomplishments,andguidefor our future in peacefully but effectively combatting violence and abuse across the lifespan. YaleUniversity AlanE.Kazdin NewHaven,CT,USA Preface TheleadershipoftheNationalPartnershiptoEndInterpersonalViolenceAcrossthe Lifespan (NPEIV) envisioned this Handbook 4 years ago to further our goals of raisingawareness,educatingthecommunity,aswellasadvancingeffortstoreduce and eliminate violence and abuse across the lifespan. Our commitment was to involveaninterdisciplinary,diversegroupofpeopleasaplanningcommitteetobe abletosharetheirvoicesinthislargeandsignificantendeavor.Thegroupcomprised ofresearchers,practitioners,andadvocateswhodealwithvariousformsofviolence andabuse,includingchildandyouthmaltreatment,youthviolence,intimatepartner violence, sexual assault, abuse of older adults, adult survivors of child and adult abuse,andcommunityviolence.Expertsfromthefieldsofpsychology,socialwork, publichealth,criminology,healthcare,theology,victimadvocacy,andthelawwere involvedindeveloping thecontentofthis Handbook.Following numerous discus- sions, the Handbook parts were conceptualized, and this group, along with others, wasinvitedtoparticipateassectionco-editors.IncollaborationwiththeEditors-in- Chiefassignedasliaisonstoeachpart,theycreatedcontentandsolicitedauthorsfor the chapters. The initial expectation was 100 chapters. However, there were many suggestionsforadditionalchaptersandtopicsthatenhancedthescopeandcompre- hensivenessoftheHandbook. TheHandbookcontentwasthencoordinatedbyregularmeetingsanddiscussions ofthesixEditors-in-Chiefandthe23sectionco-editorsduringthepast3years.Each Editor-in-Chiefhasmorethan30yearsofexperienceininterpersonalviolencefrom a research and/or practice standpoint. This 5-volume Handbook has 202 chapters, andover400authors.Thegoalwastoprovideareferenceworkthatcanbethemain resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers for the next decade or more. The emphasis was to address issues related to research, practice, policy, and advocacy within a trauma-informed, developmental, and intersectional framework. In addition, the chapters deal with controversial subjects as well as cutting-edge thinkingandmethods.Bydesign,severalimportantthemespermeatevariouschap- ters.Theseincludethedevelopmentaleffectsofadversechildhoodexperiences;the usefulnessofasocialecological/biopsychosocialframework;theintersectionalityof violencewithgender,race,andpoverty;andtheprimacyoftraumaasbothacauseof violence and a consequence of it. Many chapters also utilize a human rights framework,focusingontheoverlapofthevariousforms ofinterpersonalviolence. ix x Preface Similarly, some chapters emphasize a public health and social justice perspective, focusingonsystemresponses.TheHandbookisquitetimelyaswellinthatduring thefinalstagesofitsproduction,theCOVID-19crisishitandhashadasignificant impact, especially on child abuse and intimate partner violence. Thus, chapters dealing with interpersonal violence and abuse with respect to COVID-19, racism, andother tragedies havebeenincluded. Therearealso chaptersdealingwith racial trauma,communityandschoolviolence,aswellasgunviolence. Fortoolong,violencehasbeenacceptedasaninevitableaspectofhumannature. Itisthemostsignificantsocialproblemfacingsociety,andyet,theresourcesdevoted to eliminating interpersonal violence and abuse are scant. It is our hope that the knowledge amassed in the Handbook will inform and inspire community leaders, advocates,lawmakers,andscientistsgloballytojoinusinourmissionofeliminating interpersonalviolenceandabuse. September2021 RobertGeffner JacquelynW.White L.KevinHamberger AlanRosenbaum ViolaVaughan-Eden VictorI.Vieth Editors Contents Volume 1 SectionI InterpersonalViolenceandAbuseAcrossTheLifespan: FoundationsandPerspectives ............................... 1 RobertGeffner,JacquelynW.White,L.KevinHamberger, AlanRosenbaum,ViolaVaughan-Eden,andVictorI.Vieth 1 FundamentalsofUnderstandingInterpersonalViolenceand Abuse ............................................... 3 JacquelynW.WhiteandRobertGeffner 2 IntegrationoftheTypesofInterpersonalViolenceAcrossthe Lifespan ............................................. 27 PearlS.BermanandAlexandraG.Hosack 3 AHistoryofInterpersonalViolence:RaisingPublicConcern ... 59 StéphaniePache 4 ExaminingInterpersonalViolencefromaTrauma-Informed andHumanRightsPerspective ........................... 81 KellyGravesandYasminGay 5 AdverseChildhoodExperiences:Past,Present,andFuture .... 97 TamaraA.HamaiandVincentJ.Felitti 6 Trauma-InformedSystemsofCare ........................ 121 KarenRichandMeganR.Garza 7 Intersectionality ....................................... 151 SujataWarrier 8 HistoricalandContemporaryRacialTraumaAmongBlack Americans:BlackWellnessMatters ....................... 165 GimelRogersandThemaBryant-Davis xi
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