Handbook of Individual Differences in Cognition: Attention, Memory, and Executive Control PDF
Preview Handbook of Individual Differences in Cognition: Attention, Memory, and Executive Control
TThhee SSpprriinnggeerr SSeerriieess oonn HHuummaann EExxcceeppttiioonnaalliittyy Aleksandra Gruszka Gerald Matthews Błażej Szymura Editors Attention, Memory, and Executive Control The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality Series Editors Donald H. Saklofske, Ph.D. Division of Applied Psychology University of Calgary, Canada Moshe Zeidner, Ph.D. Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Emotions Department of Human Development and Counseling Haifa University, Israel For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/6450 Aleksandra Gruszka Gerald Matthews (cid:76) Bła(cid:313)ej Szymura Editors Handbook of Individual Differences in Cognition Attention, Memory, and Executive Control Editors Aleksandra Gruszka Gerald Matthews Institute of Psychology Department of Psychology Jagiellonian University University of Cincinnati Cracow Cincinnati, OH Poland USA [email protected] [email protected] Błazej Szymura Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland ISBN 978-1-4419-1209-1 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-1210-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1210-7 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010925383 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) It was a beautiful sunny September day, when some of the authors of the chapters of this book met up in Krakow dur- ing the conference on Individual Differences in Cognition (IDIC: Kraków, Poland, September 15–17, 2006). Bła(cid:313)ej Szymura, an assistant professor at the time, initiated and organized this meeting and managed to convince the Polish Scientific Research Committee (KBN) to grant financing of a research program to study the individual differences in cognition, of which the conference was an integral part. The meeting was a great success, for it is rare that such a high number of world experts in a specific field gather together in conditions that are so conducive to the sincere and stimulating exchange of thoughts and ideas as was the case here. It was then that the idea of the book that you have in front of you was born. The book turned out to be an under- taking on a still larger scale than the Krakow get-together. To obtain systematic coverage of the field, new experts work- ing on individual differences in cognition were drafted in to contribute to the project. Throughout the process the driving force was Bła(cid:313)ej, who in the meantime obtained his “habili- tation” to the role of Principal Investigator. Bła(cid:313)ej had the central role in the IDIC project. So, it has been very difficult for us to come to terms with the tragic event that occurred when we were finalizing editorial works before sending the book off to the Publishers – unex- pectedly Bła(cid:313)ej passed away. Our friend and colleague was a special person. Intellectually very gifted, he was full of energy, eagerness and motivation for work that allowed him to undertake remarkable projects. His work ethos and intrinsic scien- tific curiosity lead him to perform experiments involving large number of studied groups and many research proce- dures. Obviously, the questions that he tried to answer had a universal dimension and importance. He was interested in cognitive psychology, psychology of individual differ- ences and psychology of creativity. Despite his young age, he was well recognized in the field, he won many grants, published or contributed to numerous books, and peer- reviewed scientific articles. Bła(cid:313)ej was a talented organizer characterized by an extraordinary sense of duty and responsibility. Hence, at a relatively early point of his career, he found himself involved in many administrative functions. Since 1998, he was an assistant professor in the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology at Jagiellonian University in Krakow and (since 2008) a chair of the Department of Psychology of Individual Differences and Personality at the Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty in Sopot. He was a member of many associations: European Society for Cognitive Psychology (ESCoP), European Association of Personality Psychology (EAPP) and International Society for the Study of Individual Differences (ISSID). In recognition to his contribution, ISSID founded ‘The Bła(cid:313)ej Szymura ISSID Conference Travel Award’. Bła(cid:313)ej was a very generous man, generous in his con- tacts with others, regardless of who they were: colleagues or collaborators, friends or mere students. The teaching of psychology constituted a very important part of his work. Bła(cid:313)ej was very well-liked and respected by all of the students, who felt inspired to fulfill his high expectations. Here we are, left by Bła(cid:313)ej. We will always miss his creative imagination, energy and friendship. He left us with a list of tasks to complete necessary to conclude this handbook. We have followed his directions step by step as witnessed by the existence of this book. This book is dedicated to Professor Bła(cid:313)ej Szymura. Contents Part I General Models of Individual Differences in Cognition 1 Individual Differences in Cognition: in Search of a General Model of Behaviour Control .............................................................................................. 3 Philip J. Corr 2 Individual Differences in Cognition: New Methods for Examining the Personality-Cognition Link ......................................................................................... 27 William Revelle, Joshua Wilt, and Allen Rosenthal 3 The Relationship Between Intelligence and Pavlovian Temperament Traits: The Role of Gender and Level of Intelligence ............................. 51 Magdalena Kaczmarek, Jan Strelau, and Agnieszka Miklewska 4 General Models of Individual Differences in Cognition: The Commentaries ............... 63 Philip Corr, William Revelle, Joshua Wilt, and Allen Rosenthal Part II Individual Differences in Cognition from a Neurophysiological Perspective 5 Neuroscientific Approaches to the Study of Individual Differences in Cognition and Personality ......................................................................... 73 Aljoscha C. Neubauer and Andreas Fink 6 Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches to Individual Differences in Working Memory and Executive Control: Conceptual and Methodological Issues..................... 87 Tal Yarkoni and Todd S. Braver 7 Emotional Intelligence and Gender: A Neurophysiological Perspective........................ 109 Norbert Jaušovec and Ksenija Jaušovec 8 Learned Irrelevance Revisited: Pathology-Based Individual Differences, Normal Variation and Neural Correlates .................................................... 127 Aleksandra Gruszka, Adam Hampshire, and Adrian M. Owen 9 Post-Soviet Psychology and Individual Differences in Cognition: A Psychophysiological Perspective .................................................................................... 145 Almira Kustubayeva vii viii Contents 10 Individual Differences in Cognition from a Neurophysiological Perspective: The Commentaries ...................................................................................... 169 Todd S. Braver, Tal Yarkoni, Aleksandra Gruszka, Adam Hampshire, Adrian M. Owen, Norbert Jaušovec, Almira Kustubayeva, Aljoscha C. Neubauer, and Andreas Fink Part III Individual Differences in Attentional Mechanisms 11 Psychopathology and Individual Differences in Latent Inhibition: Schizophrenia and Schizotypality ................................................................................... 181 R.E. Lubow and Oren Kaplan 12 Attentional Control Theory of Anxiety: Recent Developments .................................... 195 Michael W. Eysenck 13 Task Engagement, Attention, and Executive Control .................................................... 205 Gerald Matthews, Joel S. Warm, Lauren E. Reinerman, Lisa K. Langheim, and Dyani J. Saxby 14 Individual Differences in Resource Allocation Policy .................................................... 231 Bła(cid:313)ej Szymura 15 The Relationship of Attention and Intelligence .............................................................. 247 Karl Schweizer 16 Intelligence and Cognitive Control .................................................................................. 263 Adam Chuderski and Edward N(cid:214)cka 17 Individual Differences in Attention: The Commentaries .............................................. 283 Michael W. Eysenck, Gerald Matthews, Edward N(cid:214)cka, Adam Chuderski, Karl Schweizer, and Bła(cid:313)ej Szymura Part IV Individual Differences in Working Memory Functioning and Higher-Order Processing 18 Trait and State Differences in Working Memory Capacity .......................................... 295 Małgorzata Ilkowska and Randall W. Engle 19 Adrift in the Stream of Thought: The Effects of Mind Wandering on Executive Control and Working Memory Capacity ............................. 321 Jennifer C. McVay and Michael J. Kane 20 The Unique Cognitive Limitation in Subclinical Depression: The Impairment of Mental Model Construction ........................................................... 335 Grzegorz Sedek, Aneta Brzezicka, and Ulrich von Hecker 21 Working Memory Capacity and Individual Differences in Higher-Level Cognition ................................................................................................ 353 Jarosław Orzechowski Contents ix 22 Motivation Towards Closure and Cognitive Resources: An Individual Differences Approach ............................................................................... 369 Małgorzata Kossowska, Edward Orehek, and Arie W. Kruglanski 23 Mood as Information: The Regulatory Role of Personality .......................................... 383 Magdalena Marszał-Wi(cid:280)niewska and Dominika Zajusz 24 Autobiographical Memory: Individual Differences and Developmental Course .............................................................................................. 403 Mary L. Courage and Mark L. Howe 25 Individual Differences in Working Memory and Higher-Ordered Processing: The Commentaries ................................................... 419 Mary L. Courage, Mark L. Howe, Małgorzata Ilkowska, Randall W. Engle, Małgorzata Kossowska, Edward Orehek, Arie W. Kruglanski, Jennifer C. McVay, Michael J. Kane, Magdalena Marszał-Wi(cid:280)niewska, Dominika Zajusz, Jarosław Orzechowski, Grzegorz Sedek, and Aneta Brzezicka 26 Conclusion: The State of the Art in Research on Individual Differences in Executive Control and Cognition ............................................................ 437 Gerald Matthews, Aleksandra Gruszka, and Bła(cid:313)ej Szymura Author Index ............................................................................................................................. 463 Subject Index ............................................................................................................................. 487 Introduction Aleksandra Gruszka, Gerald Matthews, and Bła(cid:313)ej Szymura Aims of This Volume Exceptionality in cognition has typically been understood in terms of general intelligence, as an overarching factor of cognitive aptitude. However, information-processing analyses of human per- formance suggest a more differentiated view of individual variation in cognitive aptitude and com- petencies. This book aims to explore exceptionality in two key cognitive functions: attention and working memory. There are pronounced individual differences in attentional selectivity, dual task performance, endurance, and other aspects of attention, as well as in memory span, search strate- gies, and other aspects of working memory. At least in part, differences between people in these facets of attention and memory may relate to cognitive control. Converging evidence from experi- mental and neuroscientific studies increasingly suggests that an executive control system or systems localized in the frontal lobes is critical for effortful processing in both task domains. Individual differences in attention, working memory, and control may be important in accounting for human performance in a variety of cognitive tasks, including real-world skills. Also, one can ask whether people who are characterized by different levels of intelligence, cognitive styles, extraver- sion, neuroticism, and other dimensions of individual differences differ in the specificity of func- tioning of their attentional and memory mechanisms. Knowledge of such relationships increases our understanding of the cognitive mechanisms of human intelligence and personality. It is also helpful in creating integrated models of performance, which take into account both general principles of cognition and their interindividual variability. A review of research in this area is timely for the three following reasons. Firstly, cognitive models of individual differences in complex behavior are becoming more sophisticated, due to both the progressive refinement of existing models, and to the influx of ideas and data from neurological studies. Secondly, psychobiological theories of personality and intellectual traits have for a long time been directed toward specific biological mechanisms for individual differences in performance. Only recently though have such theories engaged with cognitive neuroscience, and a synthesis of approaches is urgently needed. Thirdly, recent work on mechanisms for executive control may pro- vide an important unifying principle for interrelating the often rather fragmented and disconnected data from studies of personality and diverse information-processing tasks. Thus, the present book aims to review recent research on individual differences in attention and memory, and to assess the prospects for an integrated theory of individual differences in this field. To do so, the book integrates contributions from cognitive psychologists, cognitive neuro- scientists, and personality and intelligence researchers. Research on temperament also provides a developmental perspective. Reviews in this area have so far focused on the attentional working memory and other information processing correlates of single individual difference factors such as general intelligence or anxiety. What is lacking from the research literature is a more compre- hensive survey that would relate multiple individual difference factors to a well-defined set of information-processing mechanisms (i.e., executive control). Furthermore, such a survey needs to xi
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