Handbook of farm, dairy, and food machinery engineering

760 Pages·2013·26.61 MB·English

by  Myer Kutz

Handbook of
FARM, DAIRY AND
FOOD MACHINERY
ENGINEERING
SECONDEDITION
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Handbook of
FARM, DAIRY AND
FOOD MACHINERY
ENGINEERING
SECONDEDITION
MYER KUTZ
Myer Kutz Associates, Inc., Delmar, New York
Amsterdam(cid:129)Boston(cid:129)Heidelberg(cid:129)London(cid:129)NewYork
Oxford(cid:129)Paris(cid:129)SanDiego(cid:129)SanFrancisco
Singapore(cid:129)Sydney(cid:129)Tokyo
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
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Firstedition2010
Secondedition2013
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To Alan for all the good times at Ichiban
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CONTENTS
PrefacetotheSecondEdition xv
PrefacetotheFirstEdition xvii
ListofContributors xxi
1. The Food Engineer 1
FelixH.Barron
1. NatureofWorkandNecessarySkills 1
2. AcademicandIndustryPreparation 2
3. WorkOpportunitiesforaFoodEngineer 5
4. EngineeringJobs 9
5. FutureOpportunities 9
6. Conclusions 10
Reference 12
FurtherReading 12
2. Food Regulations 13
KevinM.Keener
1. Background 13
2. FederalRegister 14
3. CodeofFederalRegulations 15
4. UnitedStatesCode 15
5. StateandLocalRegulations 16
6. USDA(cid:1)FSISSanitationPrograms 16
7. FDASanitationPrograms 18
8. FoodSafetyModernizationAct 20
9. HazardAnalysesandCriticalControlPointProgram(HACCP) 22
10. MeatProcessing 24
11. ShellEggs 26
12. SeafoodProcessing 27
13. Fruits,Vegetables,andNuts 29
14. Beverages 30
15. CannedFoods 34
16. FoodService/Restaurants 35
17. ExportFoods 35
18. ImportedFoods 37
19. Conclusions 38
20. Acronyms 38
References 39
vii
viii Contents
3. Food Safety Engineering 43
RaghupathyRamaswamy,JuheeAhn,V.M.Balasubramaniam,
LuisRodriguezSaonaandAhmedE.Yousef
1. Introduction 43
2. InterventionTechnologies 44
3. Control/Monitoring/IdentificationTechniques 52
4. PackagingApplicationsinFoodSafety 57
5. TrackingandTraceability 58
6. ByproductsofProcessing 59
7. Conclusions 61
Acknowledgment 61
References 61
4. Farm MachineryAutomation for Tillage, PlantingCultivation, and Harvesting 67
BrianT.Adams
1. Introduction 67
2. VehicleGuidance 68
3. ImplementGuidanceSystems 75
4. GuidanceMethods 75
5. ChallengesFacingAutonomousVehicles 81
6. Summary 83
References 84
OtherContacts 85
5. Air Seedersfor Conservation Tillage Crop Production 87
JohnNowatzki
1. OpenerDesignOptions 87
2. ManagingCropResidue 89
3. SoilDisturbanceandEnvironmentalImpacts 93
4. Seed/FertilizerPlacement,RowSpacing 94
5. DepthControlandPacking 97
6. VaryingConditions 98
7. PrecisionAgriculture 99
8. EnergyRequirements 101
9. CommercialOptions 101
Reference 101
FurtherReading 101
6. Grain Harvesting Machinery 103
H.MarkHannaandGraemeR.Quick
1. General 103
2. History 103
Contents ix
3. Pre-HarvestIssuesthatAffectMachineDesign 104
4. PerformanceFactors 105
5. Heads:GrainPlatforms,CornHeads,andStrippers 106
6. Feederhouse 109
7. CylinderorRotorandConcave 109
8. Separation:StrawWalkersorRotarySeparation 112
9. CleaningShoe 114
10. Elevators:CleanGrainandTailings 116
11. GrainBinandUnloadingAuger 116
12. OtherAttachments 118
13. Operator’sStation,Adjustments,andMonitoringSystems 118
14. FieldPerformance 119
15. GrainDamage 120
16. CombineTrends 120
References 121
7. Grain Storage Systems Design 123
RayBucklin,SidThompson,MichaelMontrossandAliAbdel-Hadi
1. Materials 124
2. Drying 126
3. StructuralLoads 132
4. GrainHandling 153
5. TestersforMeasuringFlowProperties 165
References 171
8. Milking Machines and Milking Parlors 177
DouglasJ.Reinemann
1. Introduction 177
2. TheMilkingMachine 178
3. MilkingParlors 189
References 197
9. Dairy Product ProcessingEquipment 199
H.DouglasGoff
1. Introduction 199
2. Clarification,Separation,andStandardization 200
3. Pasteurization 202
4. UHTSterilization 208
5. Homogenization 209
6. MembraneProcessing 211
7. Evaporation 212