Handbook of Energy and Environmental Security

586 Pages·2022·9.727 MB·English

by  Muhammad Asif

Handbook of Energy and
Environmental Security
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Handbook of Energy and
Environmental Security
Edited by
Muhammad Asif
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals,
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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To my son
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Contents
List of contributors.............................................................................................................................xix
Preface..............................................................................................................................................xxiii
Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................................xxv
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to energy and environmental security............................1
MuhammadAsif
1. Climatechange on the March.......................................................................................1
2. Energy and environmental security..............................................................................2
2.1 Energysecurity......................................................................................................2
2.2 Environmental security..........................................................................................3
2.3 The energyeenvironment dilemma......................................................................3
3. Shared future.................................................................................................................7
4. Global response.............................................................................................................8
5. Conclusions.................................................................................................................10
References.........................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER 2 Dynamics of energy security and its implications............................13
Tri Ratna Bajracharya, Shree Raj Shakya and Anzoo Sharma
1. Energy security...........................................................................................................13
1.1 Components ofenergysecurity...........................................................................15
1.2 Indicatorsofenergysecurity...............................................................................15
2. Energy securityissues indeveloped anddeveloping countries.................................16
2.1 World energytrilemma index.............................................................................17
2.2 Developing countries’ perspective......................................................................20
3. Energy securitypoliciesand its implicationsinenergytransitions..........................20
3.1 Energytransition index.......................................................................................20
4. Conclusion...................................................................................................................24
References.........................................................................................................................24
CHAPTER 3 Sustainable energy transition in the 21st century............................27
MuhammadAsif
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................27
2. Dynamics of the energytransition..............................................................................28
3. Decarbonization..........................................................................................................29
3.1 Renewable energy...............................................................................................30
3.2 Electric vehicles..................................................................................................31
3.3 Energystorage.....................................................................................................33
4. Decentralization..........................................................................................................34
5. Digitalization...............................................................................................................35
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viii Contents
6. Decreasing use of energy............................................................................................36
7. Conclusions.................................................................................................................37
References.........................................................................................................................37
CHAPTER 4 Energy security: role of renewable and low-carbon
technologies........................................................................................39
Nofri Yenita Dahlan, NurfadzilahAhmad, Nur Iqtiyani Ilham and
Siti Hajar Yusoff
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................39
2. Overviewofglobal low-carbon technologystatus.....................................................41
2.1 Renewable energytechnologies: globaltrends...................................................41
2.2 Energyefficiency technologyglobal developments...........................................43
2.3 ImpactofCOVID-19 pandemicon renewable energyandenergy
efficiency.............................................................................................................44
3. Roles of renewable and energyefficiency technologies for enhancing energy
security........................................................................................................................44
3.1 Renewable energypavingworld sustainableelectricity generationmix...........45
3.2 Renewable energymicrogridsfor enhancingelectrification..............................46
3.3 Low-carbontechnologiesthroughdemandside management in buildings.......47
4. Future roles oflow-carbontechnologiesindecentralized energymarket.................50
4.1 Peer-topeer energytrading..................................................................................50
4.2 Virtual power plant..............................................................................................52
4.3 Carbon pricing.....................................................................................................54
5. Conclusion...................................................................................................................56
References.........................................................................................................................56
CHAPTER 5 Overcoming the energy security challenges in developing
countries.............................................................................................61
Hirushie Karunathilake, Tharindu Prabatha, Rehan Sadiqand
Kasun Hewage
1. Energyscenario indevelopingcountries....................................................................61
1.1 Currentstatus ofsupply and demand.................................................................63
1.2 Energychallenges for developing countries.......................................................66
2. The nexusof supply, demand, and energysecurity...................................................67
2.1 Parameters governing the nexus..........................................................................68
2.2 Interrelationshipsbetween parameters................................................................71
3. Holistic assessment ofenergysecurity andsustainable development.......................71
3.1 Energysecurity indexdevelopment....................................................................72
3.2 Energysecurity and energyindependence: SouthAsia.....................................75
Contents ix
4. Improvingenergysecurityand equity........................................................................81
4.1 Opportunities for an energysecure and sustainablefuture................................81
4.2 Aglobalframework for carboneconomy...........................................................82
5. Conclusion...................................................................................................................83
References.........................................................................................................................84
CHAPTER 6 Renewable energy in Latin America and scenarios to the
Brazilian energy matrix by 2050.......................................................89
Ramon Soares Correˆa, Osvaldo Luiz Gonc¸alves Quelhas,
Gustavo Naciff de Andrade, PauloRoberto de Campos Merschmann,
Rosley Anholonand Chrystyane Abreu
1. Introduction: energyand sustainability......................................................................90
2. Future scenarios, 2050 calculator, andrenewables inLatin America and Brazil.....91
2.1 Scenarios andthe energysector..........................................................................91
2.2 The 2050 calculatortool.....................................................................................93
2.3 Renewable energyin Latin America and Brazil................................................93
3. Study methods.............................................................................................................96
3.1 First stepof Schwartzddefinition ofthe central question.................................96
3.2 Second andthird steps ofSchwartzdlist ofthe keyfactors andthe
driving forces.......................................................................................................96
3.3 The fourth stepofSchwartzdhierarchizethe keyfactorsand the
driving forces.......................................................................................................96
3.4 Fifth step ofSchwartzddefining the logic ofthe scenarios..............................98
3.5 Sixth step ofSchwartzdembodying the scenarios............................................99
3.6 Seventhstep ofSchwartzdimplicationsto the central question.......................99
3.7 Eighth step ofSchwartzddefinition ofwarningsigns.......................................99
4. Results and discussions.............................................................................................100
5. Conclusions...............................................................................................................104
References.......................................................................................................................106
CHAPTER 7 Phase change: getting to a sustainable energy future
in Vietnam.........................................................................................109
David Dapice,Phu V. Le and Thai-Ha Le
1. Background...............................................................................................................109
2. Thedemandside.......................................................................................................112
3. Thesupply side.........................................................................................................113
3.1 PDP-7revised....................................................................................................113
4. Recent developments................................................................................................114
4.1 Aviewfrom the Vietnam businessforum........................................................116
5. Challenges and opportunities....................................................................................116
5.1 Transmission issues...........................................................................................116