Table Of Content

Ramesh Bansal Editor Handbook of Distributed Generation Electric Power Technologies, Economics and Environmental Impacts www.allitebooks.com Handbook of Distributed Generation Ramesh Bansal Editor Handbook of Distributed Generation Electric Power Technologies, Economics and Environmental Impacts 123 Editor RameshBansal Department ofElectrical, Electronics & Computer Engineering University of Pretoria Pretoria SouthAfrica ISBN978-3-319-51342-3 ISBN978-3-319-51343-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-51343-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016961659 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Worldwide, the effects of environmental, economic, social, political, and technical factors have led to the rapid deployment of various sources of renewable energy-basedpowergeneration.Theincorporationofthesegenerationtechnologies has led to the development of a broad array of new methods and tools to integrate this new form of generation into the power system networks. This book, arranged intosixparts,givesacomprehensivediscussiononvariousrenewableenergy-based distributed generation (DG) technologies as follows: Part I provides a detailed overview of the distributed generation (DG) technologies, where the classification of DG units based on renewable and non-renewableenergytechnologiesisdiscussed.Inthispart,Chap.1discussesthe fundamentals of distributed renewable energy technologies with emphasizes on their modeling approaches. More specifically, wind turbines, solar PV system, and biomass technologies are briefly presented. The discussion of non-renewable energytechnologiesisprovidedinChap.2withdetaileddiscussionfocusedongas turbines, diesel generators, small hydro, and fuel cells. Part II is devoted to wind power systems. The part provides (i.e., Chaps. 3 through 8) a concrete discussion on wind turbine configuration, operation, and technical aspects of interconnection requirements from small-scale to large-scale deployment.Chapter3isdevotedtolarge-scaledevelopmentofwindturbineinthe existing power networks with the case study of Mexican power grid. Load flow analysis of power system with wind farm is presented in Chap. 4 while Chap. 5 discusses the sensorless estimation of rotor position for DFIG-based wind turbine. Wind turbine standards and certification with respect to Indian prospective are presented in Chap. 6. The operating and interconnection requirements of wind farms with a case study of Egyptian grid code are discussed in Chap. 7 while the potential configuration for off-shore wind farm interlinked with HVDC collection grid is presented in Chap. 8. PartIIIfocusesonsolarPVsystems.Chapter9presentsthesteady-stateanalysis of unbalanced distribution networks with high penetration of photovoltaic generation.Also,theimpactofPVsystemonvoltageandstabilityisdiscussedinChap. 10. The techno-economic evaluation of grid-connected solar PV system for rural v vi Preface banksisanalyzedinChap.11.TheapplicationofindirectmatrixconverterforDG units with experimental implementation approach is discussed in Chap. 12 while zeta buck-boost converter for PV system application in presented in Chap. 13. Part IV is based on the modeling, design, control, and protection. Chapter 14 focuseson keypointsonmodeling,design,and controlofsmart DCmicrogridfor integration of various nanoconventional DG units. The effects of DG operating powerfactoronitslocationandsizeusinggeneticalgorithm(GA)aredescribedin Chap. 15. In recent times, protection of DG has been a very critical issue and therefore Chaps. 16–18 are devoted to protection of DG systems. The distributed generation control and protection is presented in Chap. 16, and more details on protection systems in distribution system with DG units are explained in Chap. 17 with some typical examples. In the case of microgrid and multi-microgrid system protection, Chap. 18 has extensively discussed both islanded and grid-connected microgrid protection system. PartVisdevotedtothemiscellaneoustopics,i.e.,powerelectronicapplications, reliability, economic aspect, energy storage, and management for renewable distributed generation (DG) and renewable energy integration in current and future energymarkets.InChap.19,theapplicationsofpowerelectronicinDGunits,grid codes, power quality issues, and participation of DG in the current and future electricity markets are described. This chapter extends the mathematical modeling for DG with power converters, energy resources, and control strategy and sum- marizes the approaches used to obtain the lifecycle cost of a project. Chapter 20 reviews the energy efficiency of the DG units with energy storage systems and conventional energy system. The methods for reliability evaluation and enhancement of microgrid incorporating theeffects ofDG units arepresented inChap. 21. Chapter 22 describes the economic aspect of DG units. At the end, Chap. 23 presents with an overview of intelligent energy management strategy (IEMS) in future power distribution networks. It presents the roles of IEMS in power distribution networks with nanogrid, microgrid, and VPPs in which renewable energy resources are integrated. Iamverygratefultoanumberofindividualswhohavedirectly(orindirectly)made contributionstothisbook.Inparticular,wewouldliketoappreciatealltheauthorsfor theircontributions,andthereviewersforreviewingthebookchapters,thusimproving thequalityofthishandbook.IwouldliketothankDr.JacksonJ.Justoforproviding continuedsupportthroughoutthisbook.Wewouldalsoliketothanktheauthorities and staff members of Springer Publishing for being very generous and helpful in maintainingacordialatmosphereandforleasingusthefacilitiesrequiredduringthe publicationofthishandbook. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude and sincere regards to my family members who have provided me great support during the preparation of this handbook. Pretoria, South Africa Prof. Ramesh Bansal Contents Part I DG Technologies 1 Distributed Renewable Energy Technologies.. .... .... ..... .... 3 Henerica Tazvinga, Miriam Thopil, Papy B. Numbi and Temitope Adefarati 2 Non-renewable Distributed Generation Technologies: A Review . .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 69 Temitope Adefarati, Numbi Bubele Papy, Miriam Thopil and Henerica Tazvinga Part II Wind Power Systems 3 Large-Scale Wind Generation Development in the Mexican Power Grid: Impact Studies... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 109 Arturo R. Messina, Rafael Castellanos, Claudia M. Castro, Emilio Barocio and Armando Jiménez Zavala 4 Load Flow Analysis with Wind Farms .. .... .... .... ..... .... 149 Pradeep Kumar and Asheesh K. Singh 5 Sensor-Less Estimation of Rotor Position in a Doubly Fed Induction Machine.. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 171 G. Saravana Ilango, C. Nagamani, M.A. Asha Rani, M. Jaya Bharata Reddy and A. Karthikeyan 6 Wind Turbine Standards and Certification: Indian Perspective.. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 205 Rajiv Singh, Asheesh Kumar Singh and Padmanabh Thakur 7 Egyptian Grid Code of Wind Farms and Power Quality..... .... 227 Shady H.E. Abdel Aleem, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz and Ahmed F. Zobaa vii viii Contents 8 Integrating an Offshore Wind Farm to an Existing Utility Power Network via an HVDC Collection Grid: Alternative Topology.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 247 Kabeya Musasa, Michael Njoroge Gitau and Ramesh Bansal Part III PV Systems 9 Steady-State Analysis of Unbalanced Distribution Networks with High Penetration of Photovoltaic Generation . .... ..... .... 285 Kalpesh Joshi and Naran Pindoriya 10 Distributed Solar-PV Generation: Impact on Voltage Control and Stability... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 317 Lasantha Meegahapola and Tim Littler 11 Techno-economic Evaluation of Grid-connected Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant for Rural Banks ... .... .... ..... .... 343 Rajashekar P. Mandi 12 Indirect Matrix Converter for Distributed Generation Application: An Experimental Study.... .... .... .... ..... .... 375 RahulKumarGarg,KavitaYadav,VinodKumarandMonikaVardia 13 An Experimental Study on Zeta Buck–Boost Converter for Application in PV System.. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 393 Neeraj Priyadarshi, Kavita Yadav, Vinod Kumar and Monika Vardia Part IV DG Modelling, Operation, Control, Protection 14 Modelling, Design, and Control of Smart DC Microgrid for Integration of Various Non-conventional Distributed Generators.... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 409 Mahesh Kumar and S.N. Singh 15 Effects of DG Operating Power Factor on Its Location and Size by Using GA in Distribution Systems.... .... ..... .... 459 Bindeshwar Singh, R.P. Payasi and Janmejay Sharma 16 Protection Issues in Microgrids and Multi-microgrids.. ..... .... 503 Sachit Gopalan, Victor Sreeram, Yateendra Mishra and Herbert Iu 17 Power Management and Protection of Distribution Systems with Distributed Generations .. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 549 Yuan Liao 18 Protection of Distribution Systems Integrated with Distributed Generation... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 583 Adeyemi Charles Adewole, Raynitchka Tzoneva and Alexander Apostolov Contents ix Part V Miscellaneous: Power Electronics, Reliability, Economic Aspects, Energy Storage and Management 19 Power Electronic Applications, Grid Codes, Power Quality Issues, and Electricity Markets for Distributed Generation... .... 631 Akshay Kumar Rathore and Prasanna Udupi Rajagopal 20 Reliability Evaluation and Enhancement of Microgrid Incorporating the Effect of Distributed Generation .... ..... .... 685 Debomita Ghosh, Sanchari Deb and Dusmanta Kumar Mohanta 21 Economic Aspects of Distributed Generation . .... .... ..... .... 731 Ponnaganti Pavani and Sri Niwas Singh 22 Solar PV System with Energy Storage and Diesel Generator . .... 749 Rajashekar P. Mandi 23 Intelligent Energy Management Strategy Considering Power Distribution Networks with Nanogrids, Microgrids, and VPP Concepts.. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 791 Jackson J. Justo Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 817 Part I DG Technologies