HANDBOOK OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS STATIONARY PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS VOLUME II This page intentionally left blank H ANDBOOK D E OF IFFERENTIAL QUATIONS S P TATIONARY ARTIAL D E IFFERENTIAL QUATIONS Volume II Editedby M. CHIPOT InstituteofMathematics,UniversityofZürich,Zürich,Switzerland P. QUITTNER DepartmentofAppliedMathematicsandStatistics,ComeniusUniversity, Bratislava,SlovakRepublic 2005 ELSEVIER Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London NewYork Oxford • • • • • Paris SanDiego SanFrancisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo • • • • • ELSEVIERB.V. ELSEVIERInc. ELSEVIERLtd ELSEVIERLtd Radarweg29 525BStreet,Suite1900 TheBoulevard,LangfordLane 84TheobaldsRoad P.O.Box211 SanDiego,CA92101-4495 Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB LondonWC1X8RR 1000AEAmsterdam USA UK UK TheNetherlands ©2005ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved. ThisworkisprotectedundercopyrightbyElsevierB.V.,andthefollowingtermsandconditionsapplytoitsuse: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. PermissionofthePublisherandpaymentofafeeisrequiredforallotherphotocopying,includingmultipleor systematiccopying,copyingforadvertisingorpromotionalpurposes,resale,andallformsofdocumentdelivery. Specialratesareavailableforeducationalinstitutionsthatwishtomakephotocopiesfornon-profiteducational classroomuse. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department in Oxford, UK; phone: (+44) 1865 843830,fax:(+44)1865853333,e-mail:[email protected] viatheElsevierhomepage(http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions). IntheUSA,usersmayclearpermissionsandmakepaymentsthroughtheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222 RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,USA;phone:(+1)(978)7508400,fax:(+1)(978)7504744,andinthe UKthroughtheCopyrightLicensingAgencyRapidClearanceService(CLARCS),90TottenhamCourtRoad, LondonW1P0LP,UK;phone:(+44)2076315555;fax:(+44)2076315500.Othercountriesmayhavealocal reprographicrightsagencyforpayments. DerivativeWorks Tablesofcontentsmaybereproducedforinternalcirculation,butpermissionofthePublisherisrequiredfor externalresaleordistributionofsuchmaterial.PermissionofthePublisherisrequiredforallotherderivative works,includingcompilationsandtranslations. ElectronicStorageorUsage PermissionofthePublisherisrequiredtostoreoruseelectronicallyanymaterialcontainedinthiswork,including anychapterorpartofachapter. Exceptasoutlinedabove,nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedin anyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwritten permissionofthePublisher. Addresspermissionsrequeststo:Elsevier’sRightsDepartment,atthefaxande-mailaddressesnotedabove. Notice NoresponsibilityisassumedbythePublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatter ofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instruc- tionsorideascontainedinthematerialherein.Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular, independentverificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade. Firstedition2005 LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData AcatalogrecordisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN:0444520457 SetISBN:044451743x ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstherequirementsofANSI/NISOZ39.48-1992(PermanenceofPaper). PrintedinTheNetherlands. Preface ThishandbookisVolumeIIinaseriesdevotedtostationarypartialdifferentialequations. SimilarlyasVolumeI, itis acollectionof self-contained,state-of-the-artsurveyswritten bywell-knownexpertsinthefield. Thetopicscoveredbythishandbookincludeexistenceandmultiplicityofsolutionsof superlinearellipticequations,bifurcationphenomena,problemswithnonlinearboundary conditions, nonconvex problems of the calculus of variations and Schrödinger operators withsingularpotentials.Wehopethatthesesurveyswillbeusefulforbothbeginnersand experts and speed up the progress of corresponding (rapidly developing and fascinating) areasofmathematics. Wethankallthecontributorsfortheirclearlywrittenandelegantarticles.Wealsothank ArjenSevensterandAndyDeelenatElsevierforefficientcollaboration. M.ChipotandP.Quittner v This page intentionally left blank List of Contributors Bartsch,T.,UniversitätGiessen,35392Giessen,Germany(Ch.1) Dacorogna,B.,EPFL,1015Lausanne,Switzerland(Ch.2) Du,Y.,UniversityofNewEngland,Armidale,NSW2351,Australia(Ch.3) López-Gómez,J.,UniversidadComplutensedeMadrid,28040Madrid,Spain(Ch.4) Melgaard,M.,UppsalaUniversity,S-75106Uppsala,Sweden(Ch.6) Rossi,J.D.,UniversidaddeBuenosAires,1428BuenosAires,Argentina(Ch.5) Rozenblum, G., Chalmers University of Technology, and University of Gothenburg, S-41296Gothenburg,Sweden(Ch.6) Solimini,S.,PolitecnicodiBari,70125Bari,Italy(Ch.7) Wang,Z.-Q.,UtahStateUniversity,Logan,UT84322,USA(Ch.1) Willem,M.,UniversitécatholiquedeLouvain,1348Louvain-la-Neuve,Belgium(Ch.1) vii This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface v ListofContributors vii ContentsofVolumeI xi 1. TheDirichletProblemforSuperlinearEllipticEquations 1 T.Bartsch,Z.-Q.WangandM.Willem 2. NonconvexProblemsoftheCalculusofVariationsandDifferentialInclusions 57 B.Dacorogna 3. BifurcationandRelatedTopicsinEllipticProblems 127 Y.Du 4. Metasolutions:MalthusversusVerhulstinPopulationDynamics.ADream ofVolterra 211 J.López-Gómez 5. EllipticProblemswithNonlinearBoundaryConditionsandtheSobolev TraceTheorem 311 J.D.Rossi 6. SchrödingerOperatorswithSingularPotentials 407 G.RozenblumandM.Melgaard 7. MultiplicityTechniquesforProblemswithoutCompactness 519 S.Solimini AuthorIndex 601 SubjectIndex 609 ix