Handbook Of Detergents, Part C: Analysis (Surfactant Science) PDF
Preview Handbook Of Detergents, Part C: Analysis (Surfactant Science)
HANDBOOK of DETERGENTS Part C: Analysis Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker HANDBOOK of DETERGENTS Editor-in-Chief Uri Zoller Haifa University–Oranim Kiryat Tivon, Israel Part C: Analysis edited by Heinrich Waldhoff Henkel KGaA Düsseldorf, Germany Rüdiger Spilker Sasol Germany GmbH Marl, Germany MARCEL DEKKER NEW YORK Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker 0351-0_Waldhoff_Prelims_R2_072104 Althoughgreatcarehasbeentakentoprovideaccurateandcurrentinformation,neitherthe author(s)northepublisher,noranyoneelseassociatedwiththispublication,shallbeliablefor anyloss,damage,orliabilitydirectlyorindirectlycausedorallegedtobecausedbythisbook. Thematerialcontainedhereinisnotintendedtoprovidespecificadviceorrecommendationsfor anyspecificsituation. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks and areused onlyfor identificationand explanationwithout intent toinfringe. Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog recordfor thisbookis available from theLibrary ofCongress. ISBN: 0-8247-0351-0 Thisbookis printedonacid-free paper. Headquarters Marcel Dekker 270Madison Avenue,New York, NY 10016, U.S.A. tel:212-696-9000; fax:212-685-4540 Distribution andCustomer Service Marcel Dekker Cimarron Road,Monticello, NewYork12701, U.S.A. tel:800-228-1160; fax:845-796-1772 WorldWide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information,writetoSpecialSales/ProfessionalMarketingattheheadquartersaddressabove. Copyrightnnnnn 2005byMarcelDekker.All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,microfilming,andrecording,orby any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Current printing (last digit): 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PRINTED INTHE UNITED STATES OFAMERICA Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker MD:WALDHOFF,JOB: 04346,PAGE:ii 0351-0_Waldhoff_Introduction_R2_072104 Handbook Introduction The battle cry for sustainable development is persistent in all circles, gaining acceptance, worldwide, as the guiding rationale for activities or processes in the science–technology–environment–economy–societyinterfacestargetingimprovement andgrowth.Suchactivitiesareexpectedtoresultinhigherstandardsofliving,leading eventuallytoabetterqualityoflifeforourincreasinglytechnology-dependentmodern society. Models of sustainable management are continually being developed and/or adaptedandcreativelyapplied,takingintoconsiderationhumanneedsversuswants ontheonehand,andlong-versusshort-termbenefitsandtradeoffsontheother. ‘‘Detergents’’ constitute a classic case study within this context: this is a multidimensional systemic enterprise, operating within complex sociopolitical/tech- noeconomical realities, locally and globally, reflecting in its development and con- temporary ‘‘state-of-affairs’’ the changing dynamic equilibria and interrelationships betweendemands/needs, cost/benefits,gains/tradeoffs,andsocial preferences.Inter- estingly,itisnotsurprising,despitetheoverallmaturityoftheconsumermarket,that detergentscontinuetoadvancemorerapidlythanpopulationgrowth. Thesoapanddetergentindustryhasseengreatchangeinrecentyears,respond- ingtotheshiftsinconsumepreferences,environmentalpressures,theavailabilityand cost of raw materials and energy, demographic and social trends, and the overall economic and political situation worldwide. Currently, detergent product design is examined against the unifying focus of delivering to the consumer performance and value, given the constraints of the economy, technological advancement, and envi- ronmental imperatives. The annual 2–3% growth of the detergent industry and a highergrowthinpersonalcareproductsreflectimpressivedevelopmentsinformula- tion and application. The detergent industry is thus expected to continue steady growthinthenearfuture. Forthedetergentindustry,thelastdecadeofthetwentiethcenturyhasbeenone oftransformation,evolution,andevensomesurprises(e.g.,theincreaseofheavy-duty liquiddetergentsattheexpenseofpowderdetergentproducts).Onboththesupplier andconsumermarketsides(bothremainintenselycompetitive),thedetergentindustry hasundergonedramaticchanges,withplayersexpandingtheirofferings,restructuring divisions,orabandoningthemarketsaltogether.Thishasresultedintheconsolidation iii Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker MD: WALDHOFF, JOB: 04346,PAGE:iii 0351-0_Waldhoff_Introduction_R2_072104 iv Handbook Introduction ofthemarket,especiallyinthelastseveralyears,andthistrendappearstobegaining momentum. The key concepts have been and still are innovation, consume prefer- ences, needs, multipurpose products, cost/benefit, efficiency, emerging markets, partnership–cooperation–collaboration–merging (locally, regionally, and globally), and technological advancements. Although substantial gains and meaningful rapid changes with respect to the preceding concepts have been experienced by the surfactants/detergents markets, the same cannot be said for detergents/surfactant technology itself. The $9-billion-plus detergent ingredients market has many entrenchedworkhorseproducts. This maysuggest that the supply of‘‘solutions’’ to mostcleaning‘‘problems’’confrontedbyconsumersinviewoftheincreasingglobal demandforafullrangeofsynergistic,multifunctionaldetergentformulationshaving highperformanceandrelativelylowcost,andtheneedforcompliancewithenviron- mentally oriented (green) regulation, may be based on modifications of existing technologies. What does all this mean for the future of the detergent enterprise? Howwilladvancesinresearchanddevelopmentaffectfuturedevelopmentindetergent production,formulation,applications,marketing,consumption,andrelevanthuman behaviors as well as short- and long-term impacts on the quality of life and the environment?Sincenewfindingsandemergingtechnologiesaregeneratingnewissues andquestions,noteverythingthatcanbedoneshouldbedone;thatis,thereshouldbe moreresponsetorealneedsratherthanwants. Are all the questions discussed above reflected in the available professional literature for those who are directly involved or interested engineers, scientists, technicians, developers, producers, formulators, managers, marketing people, regu- lators, and policy makers? After a thorough examination of the literature in this and/or related areas, I came to the conclusion that a comprehensive series was needed that focuses on the practical aspects of the topic and provides the detergent industry perspective to all those involved and interested. The Handbook of Detergents is an up-to-date compilation of works written by experts each of whom is heavily engaged in his or her area of expertise, emphasizing the practical and guided by a common systemic approach. The aim of this six-volume handbook (Properties, Environmental Impact, Analysis, Formulation,Applications,andProduction)istoreflecttheaboveandto provide readers who are interested in any aspect of detergents a state-of-the-art comprehensivetreatise,writtenbyexpertpractitioners(mainlyfromindustry)inthe field. Thus, various aspects involved—raw materials, production, economics, prop- erties,formulations,analysisandtestmethods,applications,marketing,environmen- tal considerations, and related research problems—are dealt with, emphasizing the practical in a shift from the traditional or mostly theoretical focus of most of the relatedliteraturecurrentlyavailable. ThephilosophyandrationaleoftheHandbookofDetergentsseriesarereflected in its title, its plan, and the order of volumes and flow of the chapters (within each volume). The various chapters are not intended to be and should not necessarily be considered mutually exclusive or conclusive. Some overlapping facilities the presen- tation of the same issue or topic from different perspective, emphasizing different points of view, thus enriching and complementing various perspective and value judgements. There are many whose help, capability, and dedication made this project possible.Thevolumeeditors,contributors,andreviewersareinthefrontlineinthis Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker MD: WALDHOFF, JOB: 04346,PAGE:iv 0351-0_Waldhoff_Introduction_R2_072104 Handbook Introduction v project. Many others deserve special thanks, including Mr. Russell Dekker and Mr.JosephStubenrauch,ofMarcelDekker,Inc.,aswellasmycolleaguesandfriends in (or associated with) the detergent industry whose dedication and involvement certainly facilitated this work. My hope is that the final result will complement the tremendous effort invested by all those who contributed; you the reader, will be the ultimatejudge. UriZoller Editor-in-Chief Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker MD:WALDHOFF,JOB: 04346,PAGE:v 0351-0_Waldhoff_Preface_R2_072104 Preface The intention of this volume is to demonstrate the state of the art of strategies, methods, and techniques applied for the analytical deformulation of modern deter- gents. These are defined as surface active agent containing formulations, used in household and industry in aqueous application solutions for the cleaning of textiles and hard surfaces. The emphasis is on up-to-date techniques and methods that are proved effective and useful in daily work. In order to impart to the reader, besides productanalysis,acomprehensiveviewofallaspectsofdetergents,typicalingredients of modern products, testing of application abilities detergent formulations, and the determination of detergent ingredients in environment, are outlined in separate chapters.Furthermore,thebasicsofmoderninstrumentaltechniqueswithemphasis toapplicationinthedetergentanalysisfieldarealsodescribed. Thescopeandspectrumofmethodsandtechniquesappliedindetergentanalysis have changed significantly during the last decade. Driving forces were the rapid progressininstrumentalanalysiswhichledtoafarreachingreplacementofclassical labor-intensive manual procedures by modern, often computer aided instrumental techniques, and also changes in the product spectrum. The former all purpose cleansers and detergents have largely been replaced by specialized products which contain new—even in very low concentrations—effective ingredients; these require fordeterminationmoresensitiveandspecificmethods. Thefieldofdetergentanalysiscanroughlybedividedintotwosectors:1)quality controland2)monitoringofthemulti-billiondollarmarket.Itisofvitalinterestfor themarketparticipantstoknowexactlywhatisgoingonthere. Quality control analysis is characterized by the application of fixed, often standardizedproceduresandmethods,whicharedesignedinsuchaway,astoallow anoperationwithrelativelysimpleequipment,bysemi-skilledtechnicians.Addition- ally big corporations use on-line or semi on-line systems for the fully automated determination of essential parameters, not normally described in literature because theyareproprietaryproductionfacilitiesandarethereforesubjecttosecrecy. The analysis of unknown products from market sources, which is the main subjectofthisbook,isduetothediversityandcomplexityofmoderndetergents,avery demanding task. It requires much experience and product knowledge, but also the vii Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker MD:WALDHOFF, JOB: 04346,PAGE: vii 0351-0_Waldhoff_Preface_R2_072104 viii Preface availabilityofnearlythewholespectrumofthemodernanalysistechniquesused,and, especiallyimportant,highlyskilledstaff. Oftennodefinedstrategycanbegiven;theperforminganalysthastodecidewith respect totheproducttypeandtheindividualanalytical task,howtoapproachand howdetailedthecharacterizationofthevariousingredientsmustbedoneinorderto obtaintherequiredinformation.Sometimesroughdataabouttheconcentrationofthe mainrawmaterialtypesaresufficientwithoutanyfurtherdeterminationoftheirexact structure. But for a comprehensive analysis often the concentrations as well as the isomerandhomologuedistributionofingredientshastobedeterminedingreatdetail inordertoallowanidentificationofthecontainedcommercialrawmaterial.Fornew, so far unknown formulations or totally new raw materials, a final formula recon- structionatanacceptablepriceoftenisonlypossibleinclosecooperationofanalysts, productdevelopers,patentspecialists,andmarketingpeople. In the scope of this volume it is not possible to describe the discussed analysis methodsingreatdetail,butthebasicfeaturesandexperimentalparametersformany essentialproceduresareoutlinedtoadegree,suchthatanexperiencedanalystmaybe abletousethemforexploratorywork.Neverthelessforabetterunderstandingand/or useindailyroutinetheanalystshouldrefertothecitedreferences. HeinrichWaldhoff Ru¨digerSpilker Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker MD:WALDHOFF,JOB: 04346,PAGE:viii
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