Handbook of Defence Electronics and Optronics: Fundamentals, Technologies and Systems

1151 Pages·2018·32.62 MB·English

by  Anil K. Maini

Handbook of Defence
Electronics and Optronics
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Handbook of Defence Electronics and Optronics
Fundamentals, Technologies
and Systems
Anil K. Maini
Consultant, Defence Technologies
Formerly, Director, Laser Science and Technology Centre,
New Delhi, India
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This edition first published 2018
© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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ISBN: 9781119184706
Cover design by Wiley
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“A wee bit of heaven drifted down from above…. a handful of happiness,
a heart full of love for sure
Precious, priceless and lovable…the gift of life,
So sacred and pure”
Dedicated with love and blessings
To my new born bundle of joy, my grandson Kiaan
Anil K. Maini
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vii
Contents
Preface xxi
1 Military Communications 1
1.1 Introduction to Military Communications 1
1.2 Communication Techniques 5
1.2.1 Types of Information Signals 5
1.2.2 Amplitude Modulation 6
1.2.3 Frequency Modulation 13
1.2.4 Pulse Communication Systems 21
1.2.5 Analogue Pulse Communication Systems 21
1.2.6 Digital Pulse Communication Systems 24
1.2.7 Sampling Theorem 27
1.2.8 Shannon–Hartley Theorem 28
1.2.9 Digital Modulation Techniques 28
1.2.10 Multiplexing Techniques 33
1.3 Communication Transmitters and Receivers 35
1.3.1 Elements of the Communication System 35
1.3.2 Classification of Transmitters 36
1.3.3 Continuous‐Wave (CW) Transmitter 38
1.3.4 CW Receiver 39
1.3.5 Amplitude Modulated (AM) Transmitter 40
1.3.6 AM Receiver 41
1.3.7 Single Side Band (SSB) Transmitter 42
1.3.8 SSB Receiver 43
1.3.9 Frequency Modulated (FM) Transmitter 44
1.3.10 FM Receiver 45
1.3.11 Phase Modulated (PM) Transmitter and Receiver 46
1.3.12 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Transmitter 46
1.3.13 ASK Receiver 47
1.3.14 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Transmitter and Receiver 47
1.3.15 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Transmitters and Receivers 49
1.4 Antennas, Transmission Media and Propagation Modes 52
1.4.1 Transmission Line Fundamentals 52
1.4.2 Types of Transmission Lines 54
1.4.3 Impedance Matching using Transmission Lines 55
1.4.4 Waveguide Fundamentals 57
1.4.5 Antenna Fundamentals 60
1.4.6 Types of Antennas 65
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viii Contents
1.4.7 Propagation Modes 73
1.5 Optical Communication 77
1.5.1 Advantages and Limitations 77
1.5.2 Free‐Space Communication 78
1.5.3 Fibreoptic Communication 80
1.6 Software‐Defined Radio 82
1.6.1 Different Tiers of SDR 83
1.6.2 Advantages of SDR 84
1.6.3 SDR Hardware Architecture 84
1.6.4 SDR Security 86
1.7 Network‐Centric Warfare 87
1.7.1 OODA Loop 87
1.7.2 Advantages and Shortcomings 88
1.8 C4ISR 89
1.8.1 Command and Control 90
1.8.2 Communications 90
1.8.3 Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance 90
1.8.4 Cyber Security and EW Systems 90
1.9 Representative Military Communications Equipment 91
1.9.1 Smart Phones 91
1.9.2 Tactical Radios 93
1.9.3 C4ISR Systems 97
Illustrated Glossary 101
Bibliography 111
2 Radar Fundamentals 113
2.1 Introduction to Radar 113
2.1.1 Basic Radar System 114
2.1.2 Radar Classification 117
2.2 B asic Radar Functions 118
2.2.1 Target Detection 118
2.2.2 Target Location 120
2.2.3 Target Velocity 122
2.3 Accuracy and Resolution 123
2.3.1 Accuracy 124
2.3.2 Range Accuracy 124
2.3.3 Angular Position Accuracy 124
2.3.4 Resolution 126
2.3.5 Range Resolution 126
2.3.6 Cross‐Range Resolution 127
2.3.7 Doppler Resolution 128
2.4 Radar Cross‐Section 129
2.4.1 RCS Concept 129
2.4.2 Factors Determining RCS 131
2.4.3 Radar Cross‐Sections of Typical Targets 133
2.4.4 RCS Measurement 133
2.4.5 RCS Reduction and Enhancement 136
2.5 Radar Clutter 137
2.5.1 Surface Clutter 137
2.5.2 Volume Clutter 142
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Contents ix
2.5.3 Clutter from Point Objects 144
2.6 Radar Range Equation 144
2.6.1 Evaluation of Range Parameters 147
2.7 Radar Waveforms 148
2.7.1 Continuous Wave (CW) 148
2.7.2 Gated CW Pulsed Waveform 149
2.7.3 Linear Frequency Modulated (LFM) Gated Pulse 151
2.7.4 Nonlinear FM Gated Pulse 152
2.7.5 V‐FM Gated Pulse 153
2.7.6 Phase Coded Waveforms 154
2.8 Radar Transmitters 155
2.8.1 Coherent Transmitters 155
2.8.2 Quasi‐Coherent (Coherent‐on‐Receive) Transmitter 156
2.8.3 Non‐Coherent Transmitters 157
2.8.4 Transmitter Parameters 157
2.9 Radar Receivers 159
2.9.1 Receiver Parameters 162
2.9.2 Signal Processor 165
2.10 Radar Displays 167
2.10.1 A‐Scope 167
2.10.2 B‐Scope 167
2.10.3 F‐Scope 168
2.10.4 Plan Position Indicator (PPI) 168
2.11 Radar Antennas 168
2.12 Types of Radar 169
2.12.1 Continuous‐Wave (CW) Radar 169
2.12.2 FM‐CW Radar 170
2.12.3 Moving Target Indicator (MTI) 173
2.12.4 Pulse Doppler Radar 177
2.12.5 Tracking Radar 179
2.12.6 Pulse‐Compression Radar 187
2.12.7 Synthetic Aperture Radar 190
2.12.8 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) 192
2.12.9 Over‐the‐Horizon Radar (OTHR) 192
2.12.10 Monostatic and Bistatic Radars 195
2.12.11 Primary and Secondary Surveillance Radar 195
2.12.12 Laser Radar 197
2.12.13 Millimetre‐Wave Radar 198
Illustrated Glossary 199
Bibliography 201
3 Military Radars 203
3.1 Military Applications of Radar Systems 203
3.1.1 Surveillance‐Based Applications 203
3.1.2 Tracking Radar‐Based Applications 208
3.1.3 Multifunction Radar 211
3.2 Ground (or Area) Surveillance Radar Systems 212
3.2.1 Design Considerations 213
3.2.2 Representative Ground Surveillance Radar Systems 213
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