Handbook of Collective Intelligence PDF
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Handbook of Collective Intelligence Handbook of Collective Intelligence Thomas W. Malone and Michael S. Bernstein, editors The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2015 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. Set in Palatino by the MIT Press. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Cataloging-in-Publication information is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-0-262-02981-0 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Virginia. —T.M. For Marvin, Ethel, Leonard, and Sylvia. —M.B. Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 Thomas W. Malone and Michael S. Bernstein Economics Editors’ Introduction 15 The Wisdom of Crowds vs. the Madness of Mobs 21 Andrew W. Lo Biology Editors’ Introduction 39 Collective Behavior in Animals: An Ecological Perspective 43 Deborah M. Gordon Human–Computer Interaction Editors’ Introduction 53 Human–Computer Interaction and Collective Intelligence 57 Jeffrey P. Bigham, Michael S. Bernstein, and Eytan Adar viii Contents Artificial Intelligence Editors’ Introduction 85 Artificial Intelligence and Collective Intelligence 89 Daniel S. Weld, Mausam, Christopher H. Lin, and Jonathan Bragg Cognitive Psychology Editors’ Introduction 115 Cognition and Collective Intelligence 119 Mark Steyvers and Brent Miller Organizational Behavior Editors’ Introduction 139 Collective Intelligence in Teams and Organizations 143 Anita Williams Woolley, Ishani Aggarwal, and Thomas W. Malone Law, Communications, Sociology, Political Science, and Anthropology Editors’ Introduction 169 Peer Production: A Form of Collective Intelligence 175 Yochai Benkler, Aaron Shaw, and Benjamin Mako Hill Conclusion 205 Thomas W. Malone List of Contributors 211 Index 213 Acknowledgments We are grateful to the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, the MIT Sloan School of Management, and the Stanford Computer Science Department for support during the preparation of this book, and to the National Science Foundation for support of the first two Collective Intelligence Conferences, held in 2012 and 2014, which helped make the field this book describes a reality (NSF grant number IIS-1047567). In addition, Malone’s work on this volume was supported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation (grant numbers IIS- 0963285, ACI-1322254, and IIS-0963451), and the U.S. Army Research Office (grant numbers 56692-MA and 64079-NS). Bernstein’s work on this volume was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation (IIS-1351131). We are also grateful to Richard Hill for excellent administrative assistance in many stages of this work, to Lisa Jing for bibliographic research used in the introduction, and to the members of the online “crowd” who commented on earlier versions of the chapters.
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