Handbook of Cognitive Neuroscience PDF
Preview Handbook of Cognitive Neuroscience
HANDBOOKOF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE HANDBOOKOF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE Edited by Michael S. Gazzaniga Cornell University Medical College New York, New York SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Handbook of cognitive neuroscience. Includes bibliographical references and index. I. Cognition. 2. Neuropsychology. I. Gazzaniga, Michael S. [DNLM: I. Cognition Physiology. 2. Psychophysiology. BF 311 H2355] BF31l.H333 1983 153 83-21317 ISBN 978-1-4899-2179-6 ISBN 978-1-4899-2177-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-2177-2 © 1984 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1984 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1984 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors M. A. Berkley Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida Claudia Carello Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Bing harnton, Binghamton, New York Susan Carey Department of Psychology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam bridge, Massachusetts Michael S. Gazzaniga Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neurosci ence, Comell University Medical College, New York, New York Steven A. Hillyard Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Califomia, San Diego, La Jolla, Califomia William Hirst Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey Je//rey D. Holtzman Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neur9SC'ience, Comell University Medical College, New York, New York Philip N. Johnson-Laird Medic~ Research Council Applied Psychology Unit, Cam bridge, England J. A. Scott Kelso Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut and University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut Samuel Jay Keyser Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts Peter N. Kugler The Crump Institute for Medical Engineering, University of Cali fomia, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Califomia Marta Kutas Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Cal ifomia, San Diego, La Jolla, Califomia Joseph E. LeDoux Department of Neurology, Comell University Medical College, New York, New York v vi Contributors Alvin M. Liberman Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Connecticut, StOffS, Connecticut, and Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut DonaJil M. MacKay Department of Communication and Neuroscience, University of Keele, Staffordshire, England George A. Miller Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey Daniel N. Osherson Center for Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Tech nology, Cambridge, Massachusetts David Premack Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania H. A. Sedgwick Department of Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York Robert E. Shaw Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, StOffS, Con necticut lohn l. Sidtis Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Comell University Medical College, New York, New York Charlotte S. Smylie Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Comell University Medical College, New York, New York Betty Tuller Comell University Medical College, New York, New York and Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut M. T. Turvey Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, StOffS, Con necticut and Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut Shimon Ullman Artificial InteUigence Laboratory and Psychology Department, Mas sachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts Bruce T. Volpe Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Cor neU University Medical College, New York, New York Scott Weinstein Department of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Edgar ZuriJ The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, The Aphasia Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, and Boston Veterans Administration Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Preface In 1976, George Miller and I decided to form a program that was focused on the problem of the biological foundations of human cognition. We struggled with names for our enterprise and finally decided to call the effort, based at Cornell Medical College, Cognitive Neuroscience. There were, at the time, several other possible descriptions-such as Neuropsychology, Behavioral Neurology, Biopsychology-that might have served our purpose. We feit, however, that these more traditional char acterizations of our interest were not quite right. The history of neuropsychology, for example, has emphasized how specific behaviors are disrupted following focal brain lesions. Although such information is important and of great interest, it does not capture the challenge we had set for ourselves. Our objective was to emphasize that understanding normal cognition-not the determination of the brain areas subserving discrete cognitive activities-was the goal. At the same time, we were strongly com mitted to the view that an excellent way to accomplish our objective was to study humans with brain science techniques in concert with cognitive science methodologies. We also believe that the study of disrupted neurologie al systems allows one to generate models about the workings of normal human cognition that are elose to having some sort of biologie reality. This book presents a variety of current research efforts concerning problems in cognitive neuroscience. Afterthe Introduction, David Premack and Susan Carey discuss the problem from an evolutionary and developmental perspective. The volume then considers studies on perceptual mechanisms, with Mark Berkley examining visual processes through behavioral and physiological measures. Shimon Ullman examines perceptual processes from a computational view, and Jeffrey Holtzman and H. A. Sedgwick look at the integration of perceptual information with motor systems. Finally, John Sidtis switches modalities and discusses recent work on auditory processes. Part Four then discusses the importance of language for normal human cognition. Samuel Keyser instructs us on the importance of language, and Charlotte Smylie and I consider what language does for a brain system that normally does not possess such skills. Alvin Liberman reviews his research on why speech is so special a system, and Edgar Zurif reports on the new work dealing with psycholinguistic dimensions of left brain damage. We then move on to consider more formal models of cognitive processes. Claudia Carello, M. T. Turvey, Peter Kugler and Robert Shaw first point out some inadequacies in the computer metaphor. Philip Johnson-Laird examines the problem of deductive thinking. Formallearning theory is then presented and discussed by Daniel Osherson and Scott Weinstein. Lastly, Donald MacKay discusses the problem of relating mind talk to brain talk. In the final section, Scott Kelso and Betty Tuller discuss the importance of motor vii viü Preface systems for any theory of eognition, and Joseph LeDoux does the same for emotional meehanisms. The book concludes with diseussions by William Hirst and Bruee Volpe of the problem of human amnesia and what ean be leamed about normal human memory. Lastly, Marta Kutas and Steven Hillyard demonstrate how studying brain potentials elueidates meehanisms of eognition. This is a rieh and diverse book. Both the eognitive scientist and the neuroseientist will leam mueh. It is my view that in order for the seienee of human eognition to proceed, both speeialists will need to understand both levels of analysis. The program initiated in 1976 fiourished on many fronts. One spin-off was the establishment of the Cognitive Neuroseienee Institute. The Institute sponsors training and seholarly aetivities in eognitive neuroseienee. This book is, in part, sponsored by the Institute, and we are indebted to it for assistanee. We would also like to thank the Sloan Foundation for generous support to our program over the years, and to the sponsoring institutions. Contents PART ONE: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 The Cognitive Sciences 3 George A. Miller and Michael S. Gazzaniga PART TWO: COGNITIVE EVOLUTION AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Chapter 2 Pedagogy and Aesthetics as Sources of Culture 15 David Premack Chapter 3 Cognitive Development: The Descriptive Problem 37 Susan Carey PART THREE: FROM PERCEPTION TO COGNITION Chapter 4 Perceptual Development and Physiology: Vision and Neuronal Plasticity 69 M. A. Berkley Chapter 5 Music, Pitch Perception, and the Mechanisms of Cortical Hearing 91 lohn l. Sidtis Chapter 6 The Integration of Motor Control and Visual Perception 115 leffrey D. Holtzman and H. A. Sedgwick Chapter 7 Computations and Mechanisms in the Early Processing of Visual Information 135 Shimon Ullman ix x Contents PART FOUR: THE CENTRALITY OF LANGUAGE IN COGNITION Chapter 8 Why Study Human Language? 153 Samuellay Keyser Chapter 9 On Finding That Speech 1s Special 169 Alvin M. Liberman Chapter 10 What Does Language Do for a Right Hemisphere? 199 Michael S. Gazzaniga and Charlotte S. Smylie Chapter 11 Neurolinguistics: Some Analyses of Aphasie Language 211 Edgar ZuriJ PART FlVE: THE ROLE OF REPRESENTATIONAL SYSTEMS IN COGNITION Chapter 12 Inadequacies of the Computer Metaphor 229 Claudia Carello, M. T. Turvey, Peter N. Kugler, and Robert E. Shaw Chapter 13 Deductive Thinking: How We Reason 249 Philip N. lohnson-Laird Chapter 14 Fonna1 Leaming Theory 275 Daniel N. Osherson and Scott Weinstein Chapter 15 Mind Talk and Brain Talk 293 Donald M. MacKay PART SIX: COGNITION-A BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Chapter 16 A Dynamical Basis for Action Systems 319 J. A. Scott Kelso and Betty Tuller
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