Table Of ContentCHAPMAN & HALL/CRC COMPUTER and INFORMATION SCIENCE SERIES
Handbook of
Bioinspired Algorithms
and Applications
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC
COMPUTER and INFORMATION SCIENCE SERIES
Series Editor: Sartaj Sahni
PUBLISHED TITLES
HANDBOOK OF SCHEDULING: ALGORITHMS, MODELS, AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Joseph Y.-T. Leung
THE PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF INTERNET COMPUTING
Munindar P. Singh
HANDBOOK OF DATA STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS
Dinesh P. Mehta and Sartaj Sahni
DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS
S. Sitharama Iyengar and Richard R. Brooks
SPECULATIVE EXECUTION IN HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTER ARCHITECTURES
David Kaeli and Pen-Chung Yew
SCALABLE AND SECURE INTERNET SERVICES AND ARCHITECTURE
Cheng-Zhong Xu
HANDBOOK OF BIOINSPIRED ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS
Stephan Olariu and Albert Y. Zomaya
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC COMPUTER and INFORMATION SCIENCE SERIES
Handbook of
Bioinspired Algorithms
and Applications
Edited by
Stephan Olariu
Old Dominion University
Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A.
Albert Y. Zomaya
University of Sydney
NSW, Australia
Boca Raton London New York
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
C4754_Discl.fm Page 1 Tuesday, August 2, 2005 1:20 PM
Published in 2006 by
Chapman & Hall/CRC
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Chapman & Hall/CRC is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-10: 1-58488-475-4 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-58488-475-0 (Hardcover)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or for the consequences of their use.
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or
other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com
(http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For
organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
Taylor & Francis Group and the CRC Press Web site at
is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc. http://www.crcpress.com
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface
TheHandbookofBioinspiredAlgorithmsandApplicationsseekstoprovideanopportunityforresearchers
toexploretheconnectionbetweenbiologicallyinspired(orbioinspired)techniquesandthedevelopment
ofsolutionstoproblemsthatariseinavarietyofproblemdomains.Thepowerofbioinspiredparadigms
liesintheircapabilityindealingwithcomplexproblemswithlittleornoknowledgeaboutthesearchspace,
andthusisparticularlywellsuitedtodealwithawiderangeofcomputationallyintractableoptimizations
anddecision-makingapplications.
Vastliteratureexistsonbioinspiredapproachesforsolvinganimpressivearrayofproblemsandthere
isagreatneedtodeveloprepositoriesof“howtoapply”bioinspiredparadigmstodifficultproblems.The
materialofthehandbookisbynomeansexhaustiveanditfocusesonparadigmsthatare“bioinspired,”
andtherefore,chaptersonfuzzylogicorsimulatedannealingwerenotincludedintheorganization.There
wasadecisiontolimitthenumberofchapterssothatthehandbookremainsmanageablewithinasingle
volume.
Thehandbookendeavorstostrikeabalancebetweentheoreticalandpracticalcoverageofarangeof
bioinspiredparadigmsandapplications.Thehandbookisorganizedintotwomainsections:Modelsand
Paradigms andApplication Domains, and the titles of the various chapters are self-explanatory and a
goodindicationtowhatiscovered.Thetheoreticalchaptersareintendedtoprovidethefundamentalsof
eachoftheparadigmsinsuchawaythatallowsthereaderstoutilizethesetechniquesintheirownfields.
Theapplicationchaptersshowdetailedexamplesandcasestudiesofhowtoactuallydevelopasolution
toaproblembasedonabioinspiredtechnique.Thehandbookshouldserveasarepositoryofsignificant
referencematerial,asthelistofreferencesthateachchapterprovideswillbecomeausefulsourceoffurther
study.
StephanOlariu
AlbertY.Zomaya
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CHAPMAN:“C4754_C000” — 2005/8/17 — 18:11 — page v — #5
Acknowledgments
Firstandforemostwewouldliketothankandacknowledgethecontributorsofthisbookfortheirsupport
and patience, and the reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions that helped in improving
the earlier outline of the handbook and presentation of the material. Professor Zomaya would like to
acknowledgethesupportfromCISCOSystemsandmembersoftheAdvancedNetworksResearchGroup
atSydneyUniversity.WealsoextendourdeepestthankstoJessicaVakiliandBobSternfromCRCPress
for their collaboration, guidance, and, most importantly, patience in finalizing this handbook. Finally,
wethankMr.MohanKumarforleadingtheproductionprocessofthishandbookinaveryprofessional
manner.
StephanOlariu
AlbertY.Zomaya
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CHAPMAN:“C4754_C000” — 2005/8/17 — 18:11 — page vii — #7
Editors
Stephan Olariu received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in computer science from McGill University,
Montreal,in1983and1986,respectively.In1986hejoinedtheOldDominionUniversitywhereheisa
professorof computerscience. Dr. Olariuhaspublishedextensivelyinvariousjournals,bookchapters,
andconferenceproceedings.Hisresearchinterestsincludeimageprocessingandmachinevision,parallel
architectures,designandanalysisofparallelalgorithms,computationalgraphtheory,computationalgeo-
metry,andmobilecomputing.Dr.OlariuservesontheEditorialBoardofIEEETransactionsonParallel
andDistributedSystems,JournalofParallelandDistributedComputing,VLSIDesign,ParallelAlgorithms
andApplications,InternationalJournalofComputerMathematics,andInternationalJournalofFoundations
ofComputerScience.
AlbertY.Zomaya is currently the CISCO Systems chair professor of internetworking in the School of
InformationTechnologies,TheUniversityofSydney.PriortothathewasafullprofessorintheElectrical
and Electronic Engineering Department at the University of Western Australia, where he also led the
ParallelComputingResearchLaboratoryfrom1990to2002. Heservedasassociate,deputy,andacting
headinthesamedepartment, andheldvisitingpositionsatWaterlooUniversityandtheUniversityof
Missouri–Rolla. Heistheauthor/co-authorof 6booksand200publicationsintechnicaljournalsand
conferences, and the editor of 6 books and 7 conference volumes. He is currently an associate editor
for14journals,thefoundingeditoroftheWileyBookSeriesonParallelandDistributedComputing,and
theeditor-in-chief of theParallelandDistributedComputingHandbook(McGraw-Hill1996). Professor
ZomayawasthechairoftheIEEETechnicalCommitteeonParallelProcessing(1999–2003)andcurrently
serves on its executive committee. He has been actively involved in the organization of national and
internationalconferences.Hereceivedthe1997EdgeworthDavidMedalfromtheRoyalSocietyofNew
SouthWalesforoutstandingcontributionstoAustralianscience.InSeptember2000hewasawardedthe
IEEEComputerSociety’sMeritoriousServiceAward.ProfessorZomayaisacharteredengineer(CEng),a
fellowoftheIEEE,afellowoftheInstitutionofElectricalEngineers(U.K.),andmemberoftheACM.Healso
servesontheboardsoftwostartupcompanies.Hisresearchinterestsareintheareasofhighperformance
computing,parallelalgorithms,networking,mobilecomputing,andbioinformatics.
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CHAPMAN:“C4754_C000” — 2005/8/17 — 18:11 — page ix — #9
Contributors
EnriqueAlba JürgenBranke SajalK.Das
DepartmentofLanguagesand InstituteAIFB CenterforResearchinWireless
ComputerScience UniversityofKarlsruhe MobilityandNetworking
UniversityofMálaga Karlsruhe,Germany DepartmentofComputer
CampusdeTeatinos Science&Engineering
Málaga,Spain ForbesBurkowski TheUniversityofTexasat
Arlington
SchoolofComputerScience
AbdullahAlmojel Arlington,Texas
UniversityofWaterloo
MinistryofHigherEducation Waterloo,Ontario,Canada
Riyadh,SaudiArabia TiagoFerradeSousa
EscolaSuperiordeTecnologia
S.Cahon
SanghamitraBandyopadhyay InstitutoPolitecnicodeCastelo
Laboratoired’Informatique
MachineIntelligenceUnit Branco
FondamentaledeLille
IndianStatisticalInstitute CasteloBranco,Portugal
Lille,France
Kolkata,India
FranciscoFernándezdeVega
J.FranciscoChicano
NilanjanBanerjee GrupodeEvoluciónArtificial
DepartmentofLanguagesand
CenterforResearchinWireless CentroUniversitariodeMérida
ComputerScience
MobilityandNetworking UniversidaddeExtremadura
UniversityofMálaga
DepartmentofComputer Mérida,Spain
Málaga,Spain
Science&Engineering
TheUniversityofTexasat C.Dhaenens
Arlington ErnestoCosta Laboratoired’Informatique
Arlington,Texas EvolutionaryandComplex FondamentaledeLille
SystemsGroup Lille,France
MohamedBelal CentrodeInformáticaeSistemas
HelwanUniversity daUniversidadedeCoimbra BernabeDorronsoro
Cairo,Egypt PinhaldeMarrocos CentralComputingServices
Coimbra,Portugal UniversityofMálaga
UtpalBiswas CampusdeTeatinos
DepartmentofComputerScience CarlosCotta Málaga,Spain
andEngineering DepartmentofLanguagesand
UniversityofKalyani ComputerScience HodaEl-Sayed
Kalyani,India UniversityofMálaga BowieStateUniversity
CampusdeTeatinos Bowie,Maryland
AzzedineBoukerche Málaga,Spain
SITE MohamedEltoweissy
UniversityofOttawa KrisCrnomarkovic VirginiaTech
Ottawa,Canada AdvancedNetworksResearch FallsChurch,Virginia
Group
AnthonyBrabazon SchoolofInformation MuddassarFarooq
FacultyofCommerce Technologies InformatikIII
UniversityCollegeDublin TheUniversityofSydney UniversityofDortmund
Dublin,Ireland Sydney,Australia Dortmund,Germany
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CHAPMAN:“C4754_C000” — 2005/8/17 — 18:11 — page xi — #11
xii Contributors
MarcosFernández KathiaReginaLemosJucá GabrielLuque
InstitutodeRobótica FederalUniversityofSanta DepartmentofLanguagesand
UniversidaddeValencia Catarina ComputerScience
PolígonodelaComa Florianopolis,Brazil ETSIngeniería
Paterna(Valencia),Spain Informática
M.Khabzaoui UniversityofMálaga
GianluigiFolino Laboratoired’Informatique Málaga,Spain
InstituteofHighPerformance FondamentaledeLille
ComputingandNetworks
Lille,France UjjwalMaulik
Rende(CS),Italy
DepartmentofComputerScience
BithikaKhargaria andEngineering
AgostinoForestiero
HighPerformanceDistributed JadavpurUniversity
InstituteofHighPerformance
ComputingLaboratory Kolkata,India
ComputingandNetworks
TheUniversityofArizona
Rende(CS),Italy
Tuscon,Arizona
N.Melab
JafaarGaber Laboratoired’Informatique
PeterKorošec
UTMB FondamentaledeLille
ComputerSystemsDepartment
France Lille,France
JožefStefanInstitute
Ljubljana,Slovenia
MarioGiacobini M.Mezmaz
InformationSystemsDepartment
Laboratoired’Informatique
BarbaraKoroušic´-Seljak
UniversityofLausanne
FondamentaledeLille
Lausanne,Switzerland ComputerSystemsDepartment
Lille,France
JožefStefanInstitute
MichaelGuntsch Ljubljana,Slovenia
MichelleMoore
InstituteAIFB
UniversityofKarlsruhe ZhenLi DepartmentofComputingand
MathematicalSciences
Karlsruhe,Germany TheAppliedSoftwareSystems
TexasA&MUniversity-Corpus
Laboratory
Christi
SalimHariri Rutgers,TheStateUniversityof
CorpusChristi,Texas
HighPerformanceDistributed NewJersey
ComputingLaboratory Camden,NewJersey
TheUniversityofArizona PedroMorillo
Tuscon,Arizona KennethN.Lodding InstitutodeRobótica
NASALangleyResearchCenter UniversidaddeValencia
PiotrJedrzejowicz Hampton,Virginia PolígonodelaComa
DepartmentofInformation Paterna(Valencia),Spain
Systems
MiLu
FacultyofBusiness
DepartmentofElectrical AnirbanMukhopadhyay
Administration
Engineering DepartmentofComputerScience
GdynidMaritimeUniversity
TexasA&MUniversity andEngineering
Gdynia,Poland
CollegeStation,Texas UniversityofKalyani
Kalyani,India
KennieH.Jones
FranciscoLuna
NASALangleyResearchCenter
Hampton,Virginia DepartmentofLanguagesand MrinalKantiNaskar
ComputerScience DepartmentofElectronicsand
L.Jourdan ETSIngeniería Telecommunication
Laboratoired’Informatique Informática Engineering
FondamentaledeLille UniversityofMálaga JadavpurUniversity
Lille,France Málaga,Spain Kolkata,India
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CHAPMAN:“C4754_C000” — 2005/8/17 — 18:11 — page xii — #12
Contributors xiii
AntonioJ.Nebro ManishParashar ArlindoSilva
DepartmentofLanguagesand TheAppliedSoftwareSystems EscolaSuperiordeTecnologia
ComputerScience Laboratory InstitutoPolitécnicodeCastelo
ETSIngeniería Rutgers,TheStateUniversityof Branco
Informática NewJersey CasteloBranco,Portugal
UniversityofMálaga Camden,NewJersey and
Málaga,Spain CentrodeInformaticaeSistemas
daUniversidadedeCoimbra
ZhiquanFrankQiu
AnaNeves PinhaldeMarrocos,Portugal
IntelCorporation
EscolaSuperiordeTecnologia
Chandler,Arizona
InstitutoPolitécnicodeCastelo JoãoBoscoMangueiraSobral
Branco
FederalUniversityofSanta
CasteloBranco,Portugal BorutRobicˇ Catarina
and
FacultyofComputerand Florianopolis,Brazil
EvolutionaryandComplex
InformationScience and
SystemsGroup
UniversityofLjubljana EvolutionaryandComplex
CentrodeInformáticaeSistemas
Ljubljana,Slovenia SystemsGroup
daUniversidadedeCoimbra
CentrodeInformáticaeSistemas
PinhaldeMarrocos,Portugal
daUniversidadedeCoimbra
AbhishekRoy PinhaldeMarrocos,Portugal
AliouneNgom CenterforResearchinWireless
ComputerScienceDepartment MobilityandNetworking
TiagoSousa
UniversityofWindsor DepartmentofComputer
EscolaSuperiordeTecnologia
Windsor,Ontario,Canada Science&Engineering
InstitutoPolitécnicodeCastelo
TheUniversityofTexasat
Branco
Arlington
MirelaSechiMorettiAnnoni CasteloBranco,Portugal
Arlington,Texas
Notare
and
BarddalUniversity EvolutionaryandComplex
Florianopolis,Brazil HartmutSchmeck SystemsGroup
CentrodeInformáticaeSistemas
InstituteAIFB
StephanOlariu UniversityofKarlsruhe daUniversidadedeCoimbra
OldDominionUniversity Karlsruhe,Germany PinhaldeMarrocos,Portugal
Norfolk,Virginia
GiandomenicoSpezzano
FranciszekSeredynski
MichaelO’Neill InstituteofHighPerformance
DepartmentofComputer Polish-JapaneseInstituteof ComputingandNetworks
InformationTechnologies
Science&InformationSystems Rende(CS),Italy
Koszykowa
UniversityofLimerick
Warsaw,Poland
Limerick,Ireland
MichaelStein
and
InstituteAIFB
InstituteofComputerScience
JuanManuelOrduña UniversityofKarlsruhe
PolishAcademyofSciences
DepartamentodeInformática Germany
Ordona
UniversidaddeValencia
Warsaw,Poland
Burjassot(Valencia),Spain
IvanStojmenovic´
DepartmentofComputerScience
GregorPapa JurijŠilc SchoolofInformationTechnology
ComputerSystemsDepartment ComputerSystemsDepartment andEngineering
JožefStefanInstitute JožefStefanInstitute UniversityofOttawa
Ljubljana,Slovenia Ljubljana,Slovenia Ottawa,Ontario,Canada
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CHAPMAN:“C4754_C000” — 2005/8/17 — 18:11 — page xiii — #13