Handbook of Adhesive Technology

999 Pages·2003·24.1 MB·English

by  A. Pizzi

Handbook of
A dhe sive Techn o logy
Second Edition, Revised and Expanded
edited by
A. Pizzi
Universite' de Nancy I
Epinal, France
K. L. Mittal
Hopewell Junction, New York, U.S.A.
MARCEL
MARCEDLE KKEIRN,C . NEWY ORK BASEL
DEKKER
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface to the Second Edition
What can one say about the second edition of any book, especially one like this
compendium that contains 50% more material and pages than the rather popular first
edition, is heavily revised, expanded, and modernized, and contains 10 new chapters?
Aseditorswecansimplysayweareelated.Thisisalltrue,ofcourse,butitsoundssodull!
Some readers (particularly younger ones) may expect some profound truth in a preface,
a noteworthy dedication, or even an unusual phrase to remember such as the one that
graced the preface of another book (Advanced Wood Adhesives Technology, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., 1994). So here it is: On my (AP) first day as a university professor (at the
University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg), I was profoundly impressed by
the motto printed on the paper bookmark that was given to me by the administration
clerk, ‘‘Wherever a site of higher learning stands, there stands a light in the darkness of
human folly.’’ The university meant this to signify how good they were (and they were
good,too).Itgoesmuchdeeperthanthis,however.Asiteoflearningdoesnotneedtobea
university,oranindustrial/researchlaboratory,butitcanbemorebroadlydefinedasany
source of learning, even, for instance, a book in such an arcane, specialized, but always
fascinating, field as adhesives. It is for this reason that this volume has been revised and
expanded, to function as a site of learning and a springboard for budding adhesive
technologists.Itisdedicatedtonextgenerationsinthehopethattheymaybuild,andbuild
rapidly, on the cumulative wisdom of many specialists distilled in this handbook.
This book, containing bountiful information, should serve for veterans as a commen-
tary on the current state of knowledge regarding adhesives, and as a Baedeker for those
whowishtomaketheirmaidenvoyageinto thewonderfuland technologically important
area of adhesives. In essence it should be valued by and of use to everyone interested,
centrally or peripherally, in adhesives and should appeal to polymer chemists, surface
chemists, adhesionists, and engineers, as well as users of adhesives.
We now have the pleasant task of thanking all those who helped in many and varied
waystobring thisprojecttofruition.First,weareprofoundlythankfultoalltheauthors
of the first edition for consenting to again be part of this much enlarged effort. Many
contributors devoted time and effort to update their chapters. As any handbook can
benefit from an injection of new blood, so our particular thanks must go to the contri-
butors of new chapters. Our appreciation is extended to the staff of Marcel Dekker, Inc.
for giving this book its form. In closing, we can happily say that it has been great fun
working with all involved in this project.
A. Pizzi
K. L. Mittal
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface to the First Edition
Bondingdifferentmaterialstogetherbymeansofanadhesivemayappeartomostpeople
asamundaneoccurrence.Inrealityagreatdealoftechnologybackstheapparentlysimple
action of bonding. Thus, a complex and advanced technology, or series of technologies,
has arisen to deal with adhesives and their applications in many fields. The diversity of
substrates and the continuous introduction of new processes and materials has ensured
thatthefieldofadhesivestechnologyisoneofthemoreswiftlyexpandingmanufacturing
endeavors. Some excellent handbooks on adhesives already exist although there are very
fewindeed.However,theexpansionanddiversityofthisfieldhasbynecessitylimitedthe
numberoftechnologiesandrelevantaspectsdescribedinsuchvolumes.Thisvolumeisno
exception to such a trend.
The editors and authors do not pretend that overlaps with other similar works do not
exist since basic background is often necessary to understand more advanced concepts.
This volume however covers some aspects of technology that are not described in other
volumes of this type. It also often looks at already reported technologies from a very
different angle. It is hoped that such a volume will help to fill some of the technological
gaps between the existing literature and industrial reality.
Thevolumeisdividedintofourmainsections,thefirstbeinganintroductoryoverview.
The remaining three sections are concerned with (1) fundamental aspects, (2) adhesive
classes, and (3) some fields in which application of adhesives is very extensive. All the
contributors are known specialists in their fields who practice their specialties on a daily
basis. Their chapters are the results of considerable knowledge and experience in their
particular niches.
Itisapleasantdutyfortheeditorsandauthors,oncompletingavolumeofthisnature,
to acknowledge the help willingly given by friends, colleagues, their companies, and their
institutions. Withouttheirhelpandencouragementmostofthechapterspresentedwould
not have seen the light of day. Last, but definitely not least, our thanks go to Marcel
Dekker,Inc.anditsstafffororiginatingthisbook,fortheirhelpandencouragement,and
for prompting us to finish it.
A. Pizzi
K. L. Mittal
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
PrefacetotheSecondEdition
PrefacetotheFirstEdition
Contributors
Part 1: Review Topics
1.HistoricalDevelopmentofAdhesivesandAdhesiveBonding
Fred A. Keimel
2.InformationResources
William F. Harrington
Part 2: Fundamental Aspects
3.TheoriesandMechanismsofAdhesion
J. Schultz and M. Nardin
4.TheMechanicalTheoryofAdhesion
D. E. Packham
5.Acid–BaseInteractions:RelevancetoAdhesionandAdhesiveBonding
Mohamed M. Chehimi, Ammar Azioune, and Eva Cabet-Deliry
6.InteractionsofPolymersinSolutionwithSurfaces
Jean-Franc¸ois Joanny
7. Tailoring Adhesion of Adhesive Formulations by
MolecularMechanics/Dynamics
A. Pizzi
8.PrinciplesofPolymerNetworkingandGelTheoryinThermosetting
Adhesive Formulations
A. Pizzi
9.ApplicationofPlasmaTechnologyforImprovedAdhesionofMaterials
Om S. Kolluri
10.SilaneandOtherAdhesionPromotersinAdhesiveTechnology
Peter Walker
11.TestingofAdhesives
K. L. DeVries and P. R. Borgmeier
12.ThePhysicalTestingofPressure-SensitiveAdhesiveSystems
John Johnston
13.DurabilityofAdhesiveJoints
Guy D. Davis
14.AnalysisofAdhesives
David N.-S. Hon
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
15.FractureofAdhesive-BondedWoodJoints
Bryan H. River
16.FractureMechanicsMethodsforInterfaceBondEvaluationsof
Fiber-ReinforcedPlastic/WoodHybridComposites
Julio F. Davalos and Pizhong Qiao
17.SpectroscopicTechniquesinAdhesiveBonding
W. J. van Ooij
18.UltravioletStabilizationofAdhesives
Douglas Horsey
19.ThermalStabilizationofAdhesives
Neal J. Earhart, Ambu Patel, and Gerrit Knobloch
Part 3: Adhesive Classes
20.ProteinAdhesivesforWood
Alan L. Lambuth
21.AnimalGluesandAdhesives
Charles L. Pearson
22.CarbohydratePolymersasAdhesives
Melissa G. D. Baumann and Anthony H. Conner
23.NaturalRubber-BasedAdhesives
Sadhan K. De
24.ElastomericAdhesives
William F. Harrington
25.PolysulfideSealantsandAdhesives
Naim Akmal and A. M. Usmani
26.PhenolicResinAdhesives
A. Pizzi
27.NaturalPhenolicAdhesivesI:Tannin
A. Pizzi
28.NaturalPhenolicAdhesivesII:Lignin
A. Pizzi
29.ResorcinolAdhesives
A. Pizzi
30.Furan-BasedAdhesives
Mohamed Naceur Belgacem and Alessandro Gandini
31.Urea–FormaldehydeAdhesives
A. Pizzi
32.Melamine–FormaldehydeAdhesives
A. Pizzi
33.IsocyanateWoodBinders
Charles E. Frazier
34.PolyurethaneAdhesives
Dennis G. Lay and Paul Cranley
35.PolyvinylandEthylene–VinylAcetates
Ken Geddes
36.UnsaturatedPolyesterAdhesives
A. Pizzi
37.Hot-MeltAdhesives
A. Pizzi
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
38.ReactiveAcrylicAdhesives
Dennis J. Damico
39.AnaerobicAdhesives
Richard D. Rich
40.AerobicAcrylics:IncreasingQualityandProductivitywith
CustomizationandAdhesive/ProcessIntegration
Andrew G. Bachmann
41.TechnologyofCyanoacrylateAdhesivesforIndustrialAssembly
William G. Repensek
42.SiliconeAdhesivesandSealants
Loren D. Lower and Jerome M. Klosowski
43.EpoxyResinAdhesives
T. M. Goulding
44.Pressure-SensitiveAdhesives
T. M. Goulding
45.ElectricallyConductiveAdhesives
Alan M. Lyons and D. W. Dahringer
Part 4: Application of Adhesives
46.AdhesivesintheElectronicsIndustry
Monika Bauer and Ju¨rgen Schneider
47.AdhesivesintheWoodIndustry
Manfred Dunky
48.BioadhesivesinDrugDelivery
Brian K. Irons and Joseph R. Robinson
49.BondingMaterialsandTechniquesinDentistry
Eberhard W. Neuse and Eliakim Mizrahi
50.AdhesivesintheAutomotiveIndustry
Eckhard H. Cordes
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contributors
Naim Akmal* University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.
Ammar Azioune Interfaces, Traitement, Organisation et Dynamique des Syste`mes
(ITODYS), Universite´ Paris 7–Denis Diderot, Paris, France
Andrew G. Bachmann Dymax Corporation, Torrington, Connecticut, U.S.A.
Monika Bauer Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Materials Research, Teltow, Germany
Melissa G. D. Baumann Forest Products Laboratory, USDA–Forest Service, Madison,
Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Mohamed Naceur Belgacem Ecole Franc¸aise de Papeterie et des Industries Graphiques
(INPG), St. Martin d’He`res, France
P. R. Borgmeier University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.
Eva Cabet-Deliry Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Mole´culaire, Universite´ Paris 7–Denis
Diderot, Paris, France
Mohamed M. Chehimi Interfaces, Traitement, Organisation et Dynamique des Syste`mes
(ITODYS), Universite´ Paris 7–Denis Diderot, Paris, France
Anthony H. Conner Forest Products Laboratory, USDA–Forest Service, Madison,
Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Eckhard H. Cordes Mercedes-Benz AG, Bremen, Germany
Paul Cranley The Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, Texas, U.S.A.
D. W. Dahringer AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Dennis J. Damico Lord Corporation, Erie, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Julio F. Davalos West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, U.S.A.
Guy D. Davis DACCO SCI, Inc., Columbia, Maryland, U.S.A.
Sadhan K. De Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
K. L. DeVries University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.
Manfred Dunky Dynea Austria GmbH, Krems, Austria
Neal J. Earhart CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, Ardsley, New York, U.S.A.
Charles E. Frazier Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg,
Virginia, U.S.A.
Alessandro Gandini Ecole Franc¸aise de Papeterie et des Industries Graphiques (INPG),
St. Martin d’He`res, France
Ken Geddes Crown Berger Limited, Darwen, Lancashire, England
T. M. Goulding Consultant, Johannesburg, South Africa
*Currentaffiliation: Teledyne Analytical Instruments, City ofIndustry,California, U.S.A
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
William F. Harrington Adhesive Information Services, Mishawaka,
Indiana, U.S.A.
David N.-S. Hon Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Douglas Horsey CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, Ardsley, New York, U.S.A.
Brian K. Irons* Columbia Research Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Jean-Franc¸ois Joanny Institut Charles Sadron, Strasbourg, France
John Johnston Consultant, Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A.
FredA.Keimel AdhesivesandSealantsConsultants,BerkeleyHeights,NewJersey,U.S.A.
Jerome M. Klosowski Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan, U.S.A.
Gerrit Knobloch CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, Basel, Switzerland
Om S. Kolluri HIMONT Plasma Science, Foster City, California, U.S.A.
Alan L. Lambuthy Boise Cascade Corporation, Boise, Idaho, U.S.A.
Dennis G. Lay The Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, Texas, U.S.A.
Loren D. Lower Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan, U.S.A.
Alan M. Lyons AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Eliakim Mizrahi University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
M. Nardin Centre de Recherches sur la Physico-Chimie des Surfaces Solides, CNRS,
Mulhouse, France
Eberhard W. Neuse University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
D. E. Packham Center for Materials Research, University of Bath, Bath, England
Ambu Patel CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, Ardsley, New York, U.S.A.
Charles L. Pearson Swift Adhesives Division, Reichhold Chemicals, Inc., Downers Grove,
Illinois, U.S.A.
A. Pizzi Ecole Nationale Supe´rieure des Technologies et Industries du Bois, Universite´ de
Nancy I, Epinal, France
Pizhong Qiao The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
William G. Repensek National Starch and Chemical Company, Oak Creek, Wisconsin,
U.S.A.
Richard D. Rich Loctite Corporation, Rocky Hill, Connecticut, U.S.A.
BryanH.River ForestProductsLaboratory,USDA–ForestService, Madison,Wisconsin,
U.S.A.
Joseph R. Robinson University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Ju¨rgen Schneider Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Materials Research, Teltow, Germany
J. Schultz Centre de Recherches sur la Physico-Chimie des Surfaces Solides, CNRS,
Mulhouse, France
A. M. Usmani Firestone, Carmel, Indiana, U.S.A.
W. J. van Ooij University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.
Peter Walker Atomic Weapons Establishment Plc, Aldermaston, Berkshire, England
*Current affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
yDeceased.
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
1
Historical Development of Adhesives and
Adhesive Bonding
Fred A. Keimel
Adhesivesand SealantsConsultants, BerkeleyHeights, NewJersey, U.S.A.
I. INTRODUCTION
Thehistoryofadhesivesandsealantsiscloselyrelatedtothehistoryofhumankind.Some
of what are thought of as relatively ‘‘new’’ uses of adhesives have their origins in ancient
times,andalthoughmostofthesematerialshavebeensubjecttovastchanges,othershave
beenchangedverylittleovertime.Asnewmaterialsaredeveloped,areviewofthehistory
of uses can lead one to see where they might be applied to improve old applications, and
sometimes to satisfy requirements of entirely new applications.
II. EARLY HISTORY OF ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS
‘‘Insects,fishandbirdsknowtheartofproducingmucousbodyfluidssuitableforgluing.
The load-carrying capacity of the hardened glue, as exemplified by egg-fastening and
nest-building, is comparable to that of modern structural adhesives’’ [1, p. 1]. As human-
kind evolved, inquisitive persons observed and thought about insect and bird building
and repair of nests with mud and clay. They encountered spider webs and naturally
occurring ‘‘sticky’’ plant and asphaltic materials that entrapped insects, birds, and
small mammals.
Unlike species that use an inherited instinct to perform a single task, human beings
adoptedthetechniquesofmanyspecies.Theyobservedthenaturalphenomenonofsticky
substances, then gathered and used these materials in locations away from their origins,
exemplified today by the recently discovered Stone Age natives of South America’s
Amazon region and those in the interior of Borneo and New Guinea.
As rains fell, and then drying set in, many sticky materials regained their sticky
properties, and some of the leaves used by ancient peoples to wipe sticky residues
from their hands retained small quantities of water. Observing this, the first crude
waterproof containers were manufactured using what we now call pressure-sensitive
adhesives.
Our early ancestors used mud, clay, snow, and other natural materials to
keep vermin, wind, and inclement weather out of their dens, warrens, caves, and other
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC