Handbook of Adhesion PDF
Preview Handbook of Adhesion
Handbook of Adhesion Second Edition Handbook of A dhesion, Second Edition. D. E. Packham 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., ISBN: 0-471-80874-1 (HB) Handbook of Adhesion Second Edition D. E. Packham University of Bath, Bath, UK Copyright2005 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussexPO198SQ,England Telephone(+44)1243779777 Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected] VisitourHomePageonwww.wiley.com AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemor transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recording,scanningor otherwise,exceptunderthetermsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofa licenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP,UK, withoutthepermissioninwritingofthePublisher.RequeststothePublishershouldbeaddressedtothe PermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussexPO19 8SQ,England,[email protected],orfaxedto(+44)1243770620. 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OtherWileyEditorialOffices JohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USA Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,Germany JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,33ParkRoad,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809 JohnWiley&SonsCanadaLtd,22WorcesterRoad,Etobicoke,Ontario,CanadaM9W1L1 Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappears inprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data: Handbookofadhesion/[editedby]D.E.Packham.–2nded. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13978-0-471-80874-9 (cloth:alk.paper) ISBN-100-471-80874-1(cloth:alk.paper) 1.Adhesives–Handbooks,manuals,etc.2.Adhesion–Handbooks,manuals, etc.I.Packham,D.E.(DavidErnest),1939- TP968.H342006 668(cid:1).3–dc22 2004023727 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN-13978-0-471-80874-9 (HB) ISBN-100-471-80874-1(HB) Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wiltshire Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestry inwhichatleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction. Contents Preface to the second edition vii–viii Preface to the first edition ix–x Introduction xi–xii List of articles – alphabetical xiii–xxvi List of articles – classified xxvii–xlviii List of contributors xlix–liv Handbook entries 1–622 Appendix 623–628 Index 629–638 Preface to the second edition TheoriginaleditionoftheHandbookofAdhesion waspublishedin1992.Itwasintended to fill a gap between the necessarily simplified treatment of the student textbook and the full and thorough treatment of the research monograph and review article. It provided concise and authoritative articles covering many aspects of the science and technology associated with adhesion and adhesives. The articles were structured in such a way, with internal cross-references and external literature references, that the reader could build up a broader and deeper understanding, as the particular need required. Since the first edition went out of print, there has been a continuing demand for the book,andWileyagreedtopublishasecondedition,againundermyeditorship.Theshort article format of the first edition has been retained. Some of the articles are derived from theearliereditionandhavebeenrevisedandupdatedwhereneeded.Therearemanynew articles covering developments that have risen in prominence in the intervening years. An increasing environmental awareness is one of the developments throughout this period: time and again authors draw attention to the environmental impact of adhesive technologies. It is interesting to note that, in the period 1992–2004, sales of adhesives and sealants in the United States has increased by around 5% per annum. Sales in other industrialized countries are likely to be similar. These are the sorts of figures for growth about which business corporations boast in their annual reports. Yet, in the same period, manyindicatorsofenvironmentalwell-beingcontinuedtodeteriorate.Atmosphericcarbon dioxide concentrations increased by 5% and “extreme” weather events became more frequent. In both the United States and Europe, the incidence of asthma doubled. This raises some disconcerting issues. Are our endeavours to reduce organic vapour emissions, to eliminate chromates, and so forth (repeated, mutatis mutandis, throughout industry), really sufficient to prevent an environmental crisis? Perhaps serious questions of sustainability and of limits to growth now have to be faced seriously. Thetaskofassemblingnearly250articlesfromwellover60authorshasbeenformidable andIamgratefultothepublishersand,inparticular,toJennyCosshamandLynetteJames fortheirpatienceandtotheauthorsfortheircooperation.Anincreasinglydirigistemanage- mentculture hasspreadfromindustryinto the quasi-privatizedcivilserviceandnow into universities.Thisbringswithitanarrowperceptionoftheroleandpurposeofscienceand of research, which makes the production of material for a book such as this increasingly difficult.Itsachievementisacredittothededicationofauthorsinvolved. viii Prefacetothesecondedition In an attempt to keep the style of the book uniform throughout, all the articles have beensubjecttoeditorialmodification,sothefinalformofthetext,includingerrors,isthe Editor’s responsibility. There are a few first edition articles that, for a variety of reasons, the original authors were not able to update. I have revised these myself and indicated this by placing an asterisk (*) after the original authors’ names. D. E. PACKHAM University ofBath August, 2004 Preface to the first edition Thereisa longandvaluable traditionof membersofacademicstaffofuniversities acting as authors and editors of reference works written for the benefit of the general public as a whole or of sections of it with specialized interests. This is one way in which a university repays its debt to the society that sustains it. Thus, when asked by the series editorsifIwouldactaseditorfortheHandbookofAdhesion,Iagreedtodoso.Itwasnot withoutmisgivingsthatIgavemyagreement.Iwassomewhatoverawedattheprospectof commissioning some 200 articles from over 50 authors in industry and higher education and then relating the articles to one another in a single book with consistent style. In practice, the job was lightened by the enormous support given to me by the publishers’ staff, particularly Dr Michael Rogers and Dr Paula Turner, and also by the series editors, Professor David Briggs and Dr Derek Brewis. I would also like to thank the individual authors for their patience with my editorial idiosyncrasies. In anattempt to keepthe style of the book consistent, it has sometimes been necessary to modify articles in a way that individual authors would not have chosen. I must emphasize that the responsibility for the final form of the text, including the errors, is mine. Thisbook,then,representsthefruitsoffiftytosixtyauthorsdrawnfromuniversitiesand industry. Suchanauthorshipisunexceptional:therearehundredsofbooksresultingfrom collaboration like this in many areas of pure science, applied science and engineering. Inthepastdecade,intheUnitedKingdom,therehasbeenanenormousemphasisonthe importanceofuniversitiescollaboratingwithindustryandservingitsneeds.Thisemphasis hasbeenbackedupbyGovernmentfinancialpoliciesdesignedtomakeuniversitieschange their ways.Many of the practicesof industry have beenintroducedinto universities, with theresultthatincreasinglytheperformanceofacademicsisbeingjudgedintermsofcash they can bring in from research contracts and the income they can raise by selling their services in the marketplace. It is ironical that the hard canons of market forces being imposed on universities will mean that collaborative ventures, such as this book, will becomethingsofthepast:theyareboundtofailthemarketcriterionofcosteffectiveness. The changes being urged on universities represent much more than a trimming of the sails to the winds of political change. They represent a determined effort to change their fundamental values radically, or, in the more percussive language used recently by the leaderofapowerfulpressuregroup,“tobreaktheacademicmould”.Ifthishappens,books of this sort will be among the lesser casualties of the breaking of the academic mould. D. E. PACKHAM Introduction Scope of the Handbook The Handbook of Adhesion is intended as a book of reference in the field of adhesion. Adhesion is a phenomenon of interest in diverse scientific disciplines and of importance inawide rangeof technologies.Therefore,the scopeofthis handbookincludesthe back- ground science (physics, chemistry and materials science) and engineering and aspects of adhesion relevant to the use of adhesives, sealants and mastics, paints and coatings, printing and composite materials. Intendedreadership The book will be of value to professional people of many different backgrounds who need to have an understanding of various facets of adhesion. These will include those workinginresearch,developmentordesign,aswellasothersinvolvedwithmarketingor technicalservice.Thefirsteditionprovedtobeavaluableresourceforbothundergraduate and research students. This book is intended as a reference work for all those needing a quick, but authoritative, discussion of topics in the field of adhesion, broadly interpreted. It is intended for scientists and engineers qualified at national certificate or degree level. The aim has been to write it so that a detailed knowledge of individual science and engineering disciplines is not required. Lengthof articles The Handbook has been designed so that it is easy to retrieve the information required, whetherthisisconfinedtoasinglepointoritismoreextensive.Thus,articlesarearranged alphabeticallyandithasbeentheeditorialpolicyforeacharticletobe,asfaraspossible, intelligible onitsown,andtolimit itslengthtoaroundthreepages,whichcanbequickly assimilated.Manyenquirerswillwantmoreextensiveinformationthanasinglearticlecan provide.Forthisreason,thereiscopiouscross-referencingtorelatedarticleselsewherein the Handbook, and a comprehensive index. Cross-references are shown by giving titles of articles in bold. xii Introduction Literature references Theliteraturereferencesattheendofthearticlesareintendedtogivefurtherinformation to the general enquirer,so wherepossible, they list authoritative reviews,monographs or textbooks, rather than original research papers. Those who need access to original papers should easily find the reference through these secondary sources. The Appendix gives concise guidance on literature and information sources. Broaderstudy As well as providing an answer to a specific query, the Handbook can be used for a broader study of topics in adhesion. For this reason a Classified list of articles is provided (p. xxvii) where articles on related topics are grouped together and arranged in a logical sequence for reading. How to use the Handbook Detailed instructions on use of the Handbook are given inside the front cover. Cross- references are shown by giving titles to articles in bold.
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