Handbook for Waterworks Operator Certification: Advanced Level, Volume III

220 Pages·2001·11.361 MB·English

by  Frank R. Spellman, Joanne Drinan, Joanne E. Drinan

ADVANCED LEVEL
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VOLUME 3
ADVANCED LEVEL
The Handbook for
Waterworks
Operator
Certification
Frank R Spellman, PhD.
Joanne E. Drinan
Advanced Level, Volume 3
aTECHNOMIC Bublication
Technomic Publishing Company, Inc.
851 New Holland Avenue, Box 3535
Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604 U.S.A.
Copyright O 2001 by Technomic Publishing Company, Inc.
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
l 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Main entry under title:
The Handbook for Waterworks Operator Certification-Advanced Level, Volume 3
A Technomic Publishing Company book
Bibliography: p.
Includes index p. 205
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 00-1 11 973
ISBN NO. 1-587 16-06 1-7
for Mardane MeLemore, PE.,
for my husband, John Drinan, for your faith in me,
and also for Anne Hagan

Table of Contents
Preface xi
1. MATHEMATICS REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction 1
Definitions 1
Calculation Steps 2
Sequence of Operations 3
Fractions 4
Decimals 6
Rounding Numbers 7
Determining Significant Figures 8
Powers 8
Averages 9
Ratio/Proportion 9
Percent 10
Units 11
Conversion Factors 11
Area 12
Volume 14
Pressure and Head 15
Flow 16
Detention Time 17
Specific Gravity 17
Answers to Exercise Problems 17
Chapter Review Questions 20
2. WATERBORNE MICROBIAL RISKS-MICROBIOLOGY/BACTERlOLOGY . . . . . . 23
Introduction 23
Definitions 23
History of Waterborne Disease 24
Waterborne Disease 25
Indicator Organisms 27
Multiple Barrier Concept 27
Microbiology: What Is It? 28
Bacteria 30
Protozoa 32
Viruses 35
Algae 36
Bacteriology 36
Chapter Review Questions 38
vii
viii Table of Contents
3. POTABLE WATER SOURCES AND HYDROLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Definitions 41
3.3 The Environmentally Conscious Public 42
3.4 Potable Water: What Is It? 42
3.5 Water Supply Laws 42
3.6 Water Resources 44
3.7 Sources of Water 44
3.8 Water Use and Availability 45
3.9 Surface Water 45
3.10 Groundwater 47
3.1 1 Gudisw 49
3.12 Public Water Supply (PWS) Requirements 49
3.13 Chapter Review Questions 5 1
4. HYDRAULICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Definitions 53
4.3 Principles of Hydraulics 54
4.4 Static Water (Water at Rest) 55
4.5 Gauge Pressure 56
4.6 Dynamic Water (Water in Motion) 56
4.7 Headloss 58
4.8 Pressure and Head Calculations 59
4.9 Distribution System Hydraulics 60
4.10 Chapter Review Questions 61
5. BASIC WATER CHEMISTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Definitions 63
5.3 Water Chemistry Fundamentals 64
5.4 The Water Molecule 66
5.5 Water Solutions 67
5.6 Water Constituents 68
5.7 Chapter Review Questions 73
6. GROUNDWATER AQUIFERS AND WELLS. . . . . . . .
Introduction 75
Definitions 75
Water Movement Through an Aquifer 75
Developing a Well Supply 76
Well Site Requirements 77
Types of Wells 77
Components of a Well 78
Well Evaluation 80
Well Pumps 81
Routine Operation and Recordkeeping Requirements 8 1
Well Maintenance 82
Well Abandonment 83
Chapter Review Questions 83
Table of Contents ix
7. WATER TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Introduction 85
Definitions 85
Reasons for Treating Drinking Water 86
Stages of Water Treatment 87
Water Treatment Processes 88
Pretreatment and General Treatment Considerations 88
Iron and Manganese Removal 89
Hardness Treatment 92
Coagulation 94
Flocculation 97
Sedimentation 97
Filtration 98
Corrosion Control l03
Process Calculations: Coagulation, Sedimentation and Filtration 104
Additional Water Treatment Technologies 108
Role of The Waterworks Operator 1 12
Chapter Review Questions 1 13
8. DISINFECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l17
Introduction l 17
Definitions 11 7
Disinfection Basics 11 8
Chlorination 120
Chlorine Chemistry 120
Breakpoint Chlorination l 2 1
GAS Chlorination 122
Hypochlorination 123
Determining Chlorine Dosage 125
Factors Affecting Chlorination 128
Measuring Chlorine Residual 129
Chlorination: Process Control Calculations 129
Chapter Review Questions 130
Introduction 133
Definitions 133
Pumps 134
Pumping Terminology 134
Centrifugal Pumps 136
Positive Displacement Pumps 139
Chemical Feeders and Calibration 140
Pump Maintenance 142
Chapter Review Questions 143
10. WATER DISTRIBUTION, STORAGE, AND CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL . . . . 145
10.1 Introduction 145
10.2 Definitions 145
10.3 Water Distribution l46
10.4 Selection of Pipe Sizes l48