Handbook 1 Timber Structures, september 2008, Vanessa Angst and others, TEMTIS

254 Pages·7.537 MB·English

HANDBOOK 1
Timber Structures
Leonardo da Vinci Pilot Project
CZ/06/B/F/PP/168007
Educational Materials for Designing
and Testing of Timber Structures
Leonardo da Vinci Pilot Project
CZ/06/B/F/PP/168007
Educational Materials for Designing and
Testing of Timber Structures - TEMTIS
HANDBOOK 1 -
TIMBER STRUCTURES
September 2008
Handbook 1

Leonardo da Vinci Pilot Projects
“Educational Materials for Designing and Testing of Timber Structures – TEMTIS”
Handbook 1 – Timber Structures
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication
reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any
use which may be made of the information contained therein.
© 2008 by the authors of the papers
First Edition 2008
ISBN xxx-xxx xxxx
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Handbook 1

CONTENTS
Preface …………………………………………………………………….……................... VII
Chapter 1 Petr KUKLíK,
Czech Technical University in Prague / CZ
History of Timber Structures …………………………..…......................... 1
Chapter 2 Petr KUKLíK,
Czech Technical University in Prague / CZ
Wood Properties ………………………………………..……….…................. 15
Chapter 3 Manfred AUGUSTIN,
Graz University of Technology / AT
Structural Timber …………………………………………….……................. 28
Chapter 4 Manfred AUGUSTIN,
Graz University of Technology / AT
Wood Adhesives ………………………………………………..……………… 39
Chapter 5 Kjell Arne MALO, Vanessa ANGST,
Norwegian University of Science and Technologie / NO
Glued Laminated Timber ………………………………...…………............. 48
Chapter 6 Manfred AUGUSTIN,
Graz University of Technology / AT
Wood Based Panels …………………………………………………...……… 63
Chapter 7 Alois MATERNA, Antonín LOKAJ,
Technical University of Ostrava / CZ
Design of Timber Structures …………………………………….…………. 100

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Handbook 1
Chapter 8 Miroslav PREMROV,
University of Maribor / SI
Serviceability Limit States …………………………..………………………. 110
Chapter 9 Alois MATERNA, Antonín LOKAJ,
Technical University of Ostrava / CZ
Ultimate Limit States – Structural Members ………………...…………. 119
Chapter 10 Manfred AUGUSTIN,
Graz University of Technology / AT
Ultimate Limit States – Joints …………………………………..……......... 136
Chapter 11 Miroslav PREMROV, Matjaz TAJNIK,
University of Maribor / SI
Planar Timber Structures ……………………………………...................... 158
Chapter 12 Alois MATERNA, Antonín LOKAJ,
Technical University of Ostrava / CZ
Spatial Timber Structures ……………………...............…………..………. 170
Chapter 13 Miroslav PREMROV,
University of Maribor / SI
Timber Frame Houses ……………………………………............………….. 180
Chapter 14 Anders Søvsø HANSEN,
VIA University College / DK
Bracings of Timber Buildings ………………………………….................. 199
Chapter 15 Kolbein BELL,
Norwegian University of Science and Technology / NO
Timber Bridges ……………………………………………….…….................. 209
Chapter 16 Andrzej MARYNOWICZ,
University of Opole / PL
Durability of Timber Structures …………………….……………….......... 227
Chapter 17 Petr KUKLíK,
Czech Technical University in Prague / CZ
Fire resistance of Timber Structures ………………………..……........... 233
Chapter 18 Andrzej MARYNOWICZ,
University of Opole / PL
Timber Structures in Aggressive Environment ………………............ 240
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Handbook 1

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
(in alphabetical order)
Vanessa ANGST Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Department of Structural Engineering
Rich. Birkelands vei 1a, N0-7491 Trondheim
[email protected]
http://www.ntnu.no
Manfred AUGUSTIN Graz University of Technology
Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology
Inffeldgasse 24, A-8010 Graz
[email protected]
http://www.lignum.at
Kolbein BELL Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Department of Structural Engineering
Rich. Birkelands vei 1a, N0-7491 Trondheim
[email protected]
http://www.ntnu.no
Anders Søvsø HANSEN VIA University College
School of Technology and Business
Chr. M. Østergaards Vej 4, DK-8700 Horsens
[email protected]
http://www.viauc.dk
Petr KUKLíK Czech Technical University in Prague
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Steel and Timber Structures
Thákurova 7, CZ-166 29 Prague 6
[email protected]
http://www.ocel-drevo.fsv.cvut.cz
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Handbook 1
Antonín LOKAJ VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava
Faculty of Civil Engineering
L. Podéště 1875, CZ-708 33 Ostrava
[email protected]
http://www.fast.vsb.cz
Kjell Arne MALO Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Department of Structural Engineering
Rich. Birkelands vei 1a, N0-7491 Trondheim
[email protected]
http://www.ntnu.no
Andrzej MARYNOWICZ Technical University of Opole
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Katowicka 48, PL- 45-061 Opole
[email protected]
http://mara.po.opole.pl/
Alois MATERNA VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava
Department of Civil Engineering
L. Podéště 1875, CZ-708 33 Ostrava
[email protected]
http://www.fast.vsb.cz
Miroslav PREMROV University of Maribor
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor
[email protected]
http://www.fg.uni-mb.si/
Matjaz TAJNIK University of Maribor
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor
[email protected]
http://www.fg.uni-mb.si/
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Handbook 1

PREFACE
As a building material, wood or perhaps more appropriate timber, has a number of excellent
properties: high strength to weight ratio, it can be easily shaped and connected, it is one of
the most sustainable resources available to man, it is environmentally friendly and it is an
aesthetically pleasing material. However, timber also possesses properties that can cause
problems or difficulties if not properly addressed: its mechanical properties exhibits large
variability and is highly dependent on moisture content and load duration. Timber is a highly
anisotropic material and its strength and stiffness properties perpendicular to grain are much
lower than in the direction of the fibres, and perpendicular to grain timber also shrink and
swell with varying moisture content which makes it susceptible to cracking. Finally, wood
burns and it can be degraded by insects and fungi. The latter, which is vital for the durability
of timber structures, is very dependent on the moisture content. All these potential problems
of timber as a building material have made a significant number of engineers and to some
extent also public opinion somewhat sceptical.
It is the purpose, not only of this handbook, but the entire project to overcome this
scepticism, and to show that with the proper knowledge it is possible to build functional,
economical and durable buildings of all types and sizes with timber, on its own or in combi-
nation with steel and/or reinforced concrete. Centuries of experience of the use of timber in
buildings coupled with extensive research over the past few decades, has shown us the safe
methods of construction, connection details and design limitations. The key is knowledge
and skill through the total value chain – from the forester to the craftsmen at the building site,
and in particular for the architect and engineer.
The objective of the Leonardo da Vinci Pilot Project “Educational Materials for Designing and
Testing of Timber Structures“ – “TEMTIS“ for short – funded by the European Commission is
to increase the knowledge of the acting professionals by providing a comprehensive set of
educational materials. The aim is in particular students and professionals in architecture and
civil engineering, but also the continuing education of professionals as well as the interested
public should find this material about timber engineering and wood technology useful. In a
compact form its purpose is to ensure the erection of safe, reliable and durable buildings.
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Handbook 1
In addition to a fairly comprehensive documentation of successfully erected timber
structures, presented as “case studies“, and a database of interesting timber buildings, two
so-called “Handbooks“ make up the core of this project. While “Handbook 1“ deals with the
basics of wood technology and timber engineering and presents an overview of the various
topics, “Handbook 2“ emphasizes the regulations and specifications of Eurocode 5 (EC5).
This standard will be the basis for the design and erection of timber structures in Europe in
the future. In addition to present the specifications of EC5 the design procedures are
illustrated by some characteristic examples.
“Handbook 1“ gives a brief overview of the history of timber structures in Chapter 1. Chapter
2 deals with the properties of wood and Chapters 3 informs about facts concerning structural
timber – the basic product for engineering purposes. In order to obtain timber components of
large dimensions, wooden parts need to be bonded by means of adhesives (Chapter 4). This
enables the production of the most important timber engineering products, glulam (Chapter
5) and wood based panels (Chapter 6). Chapters 7-10 summarize the basics of timber
structure design. Chapter 7 gives an overview about general issues and special facts con-
cerning the verification process of timber structures. The main topic of Chapter 8 is the
behaviour of timber structures in the serviceability limit state (SLS), while the following two
chapters deal with aspects of the ultimate limit state (ULS) for cross-sections and members
(Chapter 9) and joints (Chapter 10). Chapters 11-15 contain basics and useful information
about planar (Chapter 11) and spatial (Chapters 12) timber structures, timber house framing
(Chapter 13), bracings (Chapter 14) and timber bridges (Chapter 15). In the subsequent
chapters the important questions about durability (Chapter 16), fire resistance (Chapter 17)
and the properties of timber in aggressive environments (Chapter 18) are described and
discussed.
It is the wish and hope of all persons involved in preparing Handbook 1 that this publication
will provide students and professionals in architecture and civil engineering with a solid basis
for the design and understanding of exiting, reliable, cost effective and durable timber
structures. We also hope that the handbook may promote quality of timber buildings and
increase the use of this unique and sustainable material in the future.
Finally, the leader of working package WP3 – Handbook 1 – wishes to express his thanks to
all contributors (see included list of contributors) and to all those unmentioned “helping-
hands“ in the background, for their efforts. Thanks also goes to Ms. Marcela ZAHNAŠOVÁ,
University of Ostrava / Czech Republik for her unrelenting administrative work and her
patience with the partners during this project, and to Mr. E.V. MÜLLER, University College
Vitus Bering / Denmark for vetting the language of this handbook.

M. AUGUSTIN
Graz, September 2008
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