Grid integrated and standalone photovoltaic distributed generation systems : analysis, design and control

330 Pages·2017·14.02 MB·English

by  Zhao

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Grid-IntegratedandStandalonePhotovoltaic
DistributedGenerationSystems
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Grid-Integrated and Standalone Photovoltaic
Distributed Generation Systems
Analysis,Design,andControl
BoZhao
StateGridZhejiangElectricPowerResearchInstitute
Hangzhou,China
CaishengWang
(cid:2) ElectricalandComputerEngineeringDepartment,WayneStateUniversity (cid:2)
Detroit,USA
XuesongZhang
StateGridZhejiangElectricPowerResearchInstitute
Hangzhou,China
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Zhao,Bo,1977-author.
Title:Grid-Integratedandstandalonephotovoltaicdistributedgeneration
systems:analysis,designandcontrol/Dr.BoZhao,StateGridZhejiang
ElectricPowerResearchInstitute,Hangzhou,China;Dr.CaishengWang,
ElectricalandComputerEngineeringDepartment,WayneState
University,Detroit,USA;Dr.XuesongZhang,StateGridZhejiang
ElectricPowerResearchInstitute,Hangzhou,China.
Description:Hoboken,NJ,USA:Wiley,2017.|Includesbibliographical
referencesandindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2017011367(print)|LCCN2017026557(ebook)|ISBN
9781119187363(pdf)|ISBN9781119187356(epub)|ISBN9781119187332
(cloth)
Subjects:LCSH:Photovoltaicpowergeneration.|Interconnectedelectric
utilitysystems.|Distributedgenerationofelectricpower.
Classification:LCCTK1087(ebook)|LCCTK1087.Z452017(print)|DDC
621.31/244–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017011367
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImage:©Petmal/Gettyimages
Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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v
Contents
Preface xiii
1 Overview 1
1.1 CurrentStatusandFutureDevelopmentTrendsofPhotovoltaicGeneration
aroundtheWorld 1
1.1.1 USA 3
1.1.2 Japan 5
1.1.3 Germany 5
1.1.4 China 6
1.2 CurrentResearchStatusofGrid-ConnectedPhotovoltaicGeneration 8
(cid:2) 1.2.1 CharacteristicsofGrid-ConnectedPhotovoltaicGeneration 8 (cid:2)
1.2.2 ImpactofHigh-PenetrationPhotovoltaicGenerationsonDistribution
Networks 9
1.2.3 TheNecessaryofResearchonDistributionNetworkwithHigh
PhotovoltaicPenetration 11
1.3 Summary 13
References 14
2 TechniquesofDistributedPhotovoltaicGeneration 17
2.1 IntroductiontoDistributedPhotovoltaicGeneration 17
2.1.1 DistributedGeneration:DefinitionandAdvantages 17
2.1.2 PrincipleandStructureofDistributedPhotovoltaicGeneration 18
2.2 PhotovoltaicCells 20
2.2.1 ClassificationofthePhotovoltaicCells 20
2.2.1.1 ClassificationBasedonCellStructure 20
2.2.1.2 Material-basedPVCellClassification 21
2.2.2 DevelopmentHistoryofSolarCells 21
2.2.3 ModelofaSiliconSolarCell 22
2.3 Inverter 26
2.3.1 TopologyofConnectionbetweenInverterandPhotovoltaicModule 26
2.3.2 TheClassificationandCharacteristicsoftheInverter 28
2.3.3 RequirementsofaGrid-ConnectedPhotovoltaicInverter 29
2.4 MaximumPowerPointTrackingControl 32
2.4.1 HillClimbing/PerturbandObserve 33
2.4.2 IncrementalConductance 34
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vi Contents
2.4.3 Open-CircuitVoltageMethod 36
2.4.4 Short-CircuitCurrentMethod 36
2.4.5 RippleCorrelationControl 36
2.4.6 LoadCurrentorLoadVoltageMaximizationMethod 37
2.4.7 dP/dV ordP/dIClose-LoopControl 38
2.4.8 MaximumPowerPointTrackingEfficiency 38
2.5 Summary 39
References 40
3 LoadCharacteristicsinDistributionNetworkswithDistributed
PhotovoltaicGeneration 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 LoadCharacteristicsofaDistributionNetwork 43
3.2.1 LoadTypesandIndices 43
3.2.2 Time-SequenceCharacteristicsofTypicalLoads 45
3.2.3 CaseStudy 46
3.3 TheOutputCharacteristicsofPhotovoltaicGeneration 48
3.3.1 RegulationsonGrid-ConnectedPhotovoltaicGeneration 48
3.3.2 Time-SequenceCharacteristicsofPhotovoltaicGeneration 49
3.3.3 CaseStudy 51
3.4 CharacteristicsoftheNetLoadinaDistributionNetworkwithDistributed
PhotovoltaicGeneration 53
(cid:2) 3.4.1 InfluenceofDistributedPhotovoltaicGenerationonSystemLoadLevel 54 (cid:2)
3.4.2 InfluenceofDistributedPhotovoltaicGenerationonLoadFluctuation 56
3.5 PowerandEnergyAnalysisofDistributedPhotovoltaicGeneration 57
3.5.1 EffectivePowerandEquivalentEnergyofDistributedPhotovoltaic
Generation 57
3.5.2 CalculationMethodsoftheCorrectionCoefficients 58
3.6 Summary 61
References 62
4 PenetrationAnalysisofLarge-ScaleDistributedGrid-Connected
Photovoltaics 65
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 EconomicAnalysisofDistributedPhotovoltaicSystems 66
4.2.1 Cost/BenefitAnalysisofDistributedGrid-ConnectedPhotovoltaic
Systems 66
4.2.1.1 CostComposition 66
4.2.1.2 IncomeComposition 67
4.2.2 GridParity 68
4.3 Large-ScalePhotovoltaicPenetrationAnalysis 70
4.3.1 FurtherExplanationofSomeConcepts 70
4.3.2 ConceptsandAssumptions 71
4.3.2.1 BasicConcepts 71
4.3.2.2 BasicAssumptions 73
4.3.3 PowerPenetrationAnalysis 73
4.3.4 PhotovoltaicPenetrationwithDifferentTypesofLoad 79
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Contents vii
4.4 MaximumAllowableCapacityofDistributedPhotovoltaicsinDistribution
Network 82
4.4.1 StaticCharacteristicConstraintMethod 82
4.4.1.1 VoltageConstraint 83
4.4.1.2 Protection 83
4.4.1.3 HarmonicLimit 85
4.4.2 ConstrainedOptimizationMethod 86
4.4.3 DigitalSimulationMethod 87
4.4.3.1 MaximumAllowablePhotovoltaicCapacityinStaticSimulation 87
4.4.3.2 MaximumAllowablePhotovoltaicCapacityinDynamicSimulations 87
4.5 MaximumAllowableCapacityofDistributedPhotovoltaicsBasedon
RandomScenarioMethod 88
4.5.1 AlgorithmIntroduction 88
4.5.2 CaseStudy 89
4.6 PhotovoltaicPenetrationImprovement 93
4.6.1 FullUtilizationoftheReactivePowerRegulationCapabilityofaDistributed
PhotovoltaicSystem 93
4.6.2 DistributionNetworkUpgrade 93
4.6.3 DemandResponse(DR) 93
4.6.4 EnergyStorageTechnologies 94
4.7 Summary 94
References 94
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5 PowerFlowAnalysisforDistributionNetworkswithHighPhotovoltaic
Penetration 97
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2 PowerFlowCalculationforDistributionNetworkswithDistributed
Photovoltaics 97
5.2.1 ComparisonofPowerFlowCalculationMethodsforDistribution
Networks 97
5.2.2 PowerFlowCalculationModelforaDistributedPhotovoltaics 99
5.2.3 PowerFlowCalculationMethodforDistributionNetworkwithDistributed
Photovoltaics 100
5.3 VoltageImpactAnalysisofDistributedPhotovoltaicsonDistribution
Networks 101
5.3.1 MathematicalModel 101
5.3.2 SimulationStudies 103
5.4 LossAnalysisinDistributionNetworkwithDistributedPhotovoltaics 108
5.4.1 MathematicalModel 108
5.4.2 SimulationResults 110
5.5 CaseStudy 112
5.5.1 PatternsforDistributedPhotovoltaicsIntegration 112
5.5.2 AnalysisonaFeeder 114
5.5.3 AnalysisonSASubstation 118
5.6 Summary 123
References 123
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viii Contents
6 VoltageControlforDistributionNetworkwithHighPenetrationof
Photovoltaics 125
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 VoltageImpactAnalysisintheDistributionNetworkwithDistributed
Photovoltaics 126
6.3 VoltageControlMeasures 130
6.3.1 AutomaticVoltageControlSystem 130
6.3.2 Feeder-LevelVoltageRegulation 130
6.3.3 PhotovoltaicInverter 131
6.4 PhotovoltaicInverterControlStrategies 132
6.4.1 GeneralControlPrinciple 132
6.4.2 ConstantPowerFactorControlStrategy 132
6.4.3 VariablePowerFactorControlStrategy 133
6.4.4 VoltageAdaptiveControlStrategy 134
6.4.4.1 Q∕V DroopControl 134
6.4.4.2 P∕V DroopControl 136
6.4.4.3 InverterParameterOptimization 136
6.5 ModelingandSimulation 137
6.5.1 Approaches 137
6.5.2 IntroductiontoOpenDSS 138
6.5.3 SimulationModels 138
6.5.3.1 AutomaticVoltageControlSystem 139
(cid:2) 6.5.3.2 PhotovoltaicSystemModel 142 (cid:2)
6.6 CaseStudy 144
6.6.1 BasicDataforSimulation 144
6.6.2 AnalysisofPowerFlowandVoltageinExtremeScenarioswithAutomatic
VoltageControl 147
6.6.2.1 WorkingDay(July16,2014)Scenario 147
6.6.2.2 Holiday(May1,2014)Scenario 149
6.6.3 ParticipationofPhotovoltaicInverterinVoltageRegulation 151
6.6.3.1 WorkingDay(July16,2014)Scenario 151
6.6.3.2 Holiday(May1,2014)Scenario 156
6.7 Summary 163
References 163
7 Short-CircuitCurrentAnalysisofGrid-ConnectedDistributed
PhotovoltaicGeneration 165
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 Short-CircuitCharacteristicAnalysisofDistributedPhotovoltaic
Generation 165
7.2.1 Short-CircuitCharacteristicAnalysisofSymmetricVoltageSagofPower
Grid 166
7.2.2 Short-CircuitCharacteristicAnalysisofAsymmetricalVoltageSagofPower
Grid 167
7.3 Low-VoltageRide-ThroughTechniquesofPhotovoltaicGeneration 169
7.3.1 ReviewofLow-VoltageRide-ThroughStandards 170
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Contents ix
7.3.2 Low-VoltageRide-ThroughControlStrategyforPhotovoltaic
Generation 171
7.4 SimulationStudies 174
7.4.1 FaultSimulationsofPhotovoltaicGenerationwithouttheLow-Voltage
Ride-ThroughFunction 174
7.4.2 FaultSimulationofPhotovoltaicGenerationwiththeLow-Voltage
Ride-ThroughFunction 176
7.4.2.1 Case1:80%Three-phaseVoltageDrop 176
7.4.2.2 Case2:80%Two-phaseVoltageDrop 176
7.4.2.3 Case3:80%Single-phaseVoltageDrop 177
7.5 CalculationMethodforShort-CircuitCurrentsinDistributionNetworkwith
DistributedPhotovoltaicGeneration 179
7.5.1 DistributionNetworkModel 180
7.5.2 CalculationMethodforShort-CircuitCurrentsinaTraditionalDistribution
Network 180
7.5.2.1 OperationalCurveLaw 181
7.5.2.2 IECStandard 181
7.5.2.3 ANSIStandard 181
7.5.3 CalculationMethodforShort-CircuitCurrentsinaDistributionNetwork
withDistributedPhotovoltaicGeneration 182
7.5.3.1 CalculationMethodforSymmetricFaultShort-CircuitCurrents 183
7.5.3.2 CalculationMethodforAsymmetricFaultShort-CircuitCurrents 184
(cid:2) 7.5.4 FaultSimulationStudiesofDistributionNetworkwithDistributed (cid:2)
PhotovoltaicGeneration 186
7.6 Summary 191
References 192
8 PowerQualityinDistributionNetworkswithDistributedPhotovoltaic
Generation 195
8.1 Introduction 195
8.2 PowerQualityStandardsandApplications 195
8.2.1 PowerQualityStandardsforGrid-ConnectedPhotovoltaicGeneration 196
8.2.2 PowerQualityRequirementsStipulatedinStandardsforGrid-Connected
PhotovoltaicGeneration 196
8.2.2.1 VoltageDeviation 197
8.2.2.2 VoltageFluctuationandFlicker 198
8.2.2.3 VoltageUnbalanceFactor 199
8.2.2.4 DCInjection 199
8.2.2.5 CurrentHarmonics 199
8.2.2.6 VoltageHarmonics 204
8.3 EvaluationandAnalysisofVoltageFluctuationandFlickerfor
Grid-ConnectedPhotovoltaicGeneration 206
8.3.1 EvaluationProcess 207
8.3.1.1 First-LevelProvisions 207
8.3.1.2 Second-LevelProvisions 207
8.3.1.3 Third-LevelProvisions 208
8.3.2 Calculation 208
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x Contents
8.3.2.1 TheFirst-LevelEvaluationforPhotovoltaicIntegration 208
8.3.2.2 TheSecond-LevelEvaluation 208
8.4 HarmonicAnalysisforGrid-ConnectedPhotovoltaicGeneration 211
8.4.1 FundamentalsofHarmonicAnalysis 211
8.4.1.1 HarmonicSimulationPlatform 211
8.4.1.2 PhotovoltaicHarmonicModel 213
8.4.2 HarmonicAnalysisofPhotovoltaicGenerationConnectedtoaTypical
Feeder 218
8.4.2.1 HarmonicsAnalysisofCentralizedPhotovoltaicConnection 219
8.4.2.2 HarmonicsAnalysisofPhotovoltaicConnectioninaDistributedWay 223
8.4.3 AnalysisofPracticalCases 224
8.5 Summary 225
References 225
9 TechniquesforMitigatingImpactsofHigh-Penetration
Photovoltaics 227
9.1 Introduction 227
9.2 EnergyStorageTechnology 227
9.2.1 ClassificationofEnergyStorageTechnologies 228
9.2.1.1 MechanicalEnergyStorage 228
9.2.1.2 ElectromagneticEnergyStorage 229
9.2.1.3 Phase-ChangeEnergyStorage 229
(cid:2) 9.2.1.4 ChemicalEnergyStorage 229 (cid:2)
9.2.2 ElectrochemicalEnergyStorage 229
9.2.2.1 Lead–AcidBattery 230
9.2.2.2 Lithium-IonBattery 231
9.2.2.3 FlowCell 232
9.2.3 ElectrochemicalEnergyStorageModel 233
9.2.3.1 MathematicalModel 233
9.2.3.2 LifeModel 235
9.3 ApplicationofEnergyStorageTechnologyinDistributionNetworkswith
HighPhotovoltaicPenetration 236
9.3.1 SitingandSizingMethodsforEnergyStorageSystem 236
9.3.1.1 SitingofEnergyStorageSystem 236
9.3.1.2 SizingoftheEnergyStorageSystem 237
9.3.2 CaseSimulation 238
9.4 DemandResponse 242
9.4.1 Introduction 242
9.4.1.1 Price-BasedDemandResponse 242
9.4.1.2 Incentive-BasedDemandResponse 243
9.4.2 LoadCharacteristicsofDemandResponse 245
9.5 ApplicationofDemandResponseinDistributionNetworkswithHigh
PenetrationofDistributedPhotovoltaics 247
9.5.1 Incentive-BasedDemandResponseOptimizationModel 247
9.5.1.1 Incentive-BasedDemandResponseModel 247
9.5.1.2 Constraints 249
9.5.2 Incentive-BasedDemandResponseAlgorithm 249
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Contents xi
9.5.3 CaseStudy 251
9.6 ClusterPartitionControl 252
9.7 ApplicationofClusterPartitionControlinDistributedGridwith
High-PenetrationDistributedPhotovoltaics 256
9.7.1 Community-Detection-BasedOptimalNetworkPartition 256
9.7.2 Sub-communityReactive/ActivePower-VoltageControlScheme 259
9.7.3 CaseStudy 261
9.8 Summary 270
References 270
10 DesignandImplementationofStandaloneMultisourceMicrogrids
withHigh-PenetrationPhotovoltaicGeneration 273
10.1 Introduction 273
10.2 SystemConfigurationsofMicrogridswithMultipleRenewableSources 274
10.2.1 IntegrationSchemes 274
10.2.2 UnitSizingandTechnologySelection 277
10.3 ControlsandEnergyManagement 278
10.3.1 CentralizedControlParadigm 278
10.3.2 DistributedControlParadigm 279
10.3.3 HybridHierarchicalControlParadigm 280
10.4 ImplementationofStandaloneMicrogrids 281
10.4.1 DongfushanMicrogrid:JointOptimizationofOperationandComponent
(cid:2) Sizing 282 (cid:2)
10.4.1.1 SystemConfiguration 282
10.4.1.2 OperatingStrategy 283
10.4.1.3 OptimizationModel 287
10.4.1.4 SystemSizingOptimization 291
10.4.1.5 OptimalConfigurationandOperationPractice 297
10.4.2 PlateauMicrogrid:AMultiagent-System-BasedEnergyManagement
System 299
10.4.2.1 SystemConfiguration 299
10.4.2.2 Multiagent-System-BasedEnergyManagementMethod 301
10.4.2.3 ValidationoftheMicrogridEnergyManagementSystem 307
10.5 Summary 309
References 310
Index 315
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