Greening Airports: Advanced Technology and Operations

221 Pages·2011·1.41 MB·English

by  Milan Janić (auth.)

Green Energy and Technology
For furthervolumes:
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Milan Janic´
Greening Airports
Advanced Technology and Operations
123
Milan Janic´
Department of Transportand Planning
Faculty ofCivil Engineeringand Geosciences
Delft Universityof Technology
Stevinweg1
2628CN Delft
The Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]
ISSN 1865-3529 e-ISSN1865-3537
ISBN 978-0-85729-657-3 e-ISBN978-0-85729-658-0
DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-658-0
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For my brother Predrag—a prominent
architect

Preface
This book describes the potential of advanced technologies and operations for
‘‘greening’’,i.e.,ensuringthesustainabledevelopment,ofairportsasacomponent
oftheairtransportsystem,whichalsoincludesairlinesandtheAirTrafficControl
(ATC) system. In such context, ‘‘greening’’ implies medium- to long-term miti-
gating of the airports’ environmental and social impacts under conditions of their
continuous constrained or unconstrained growth. For such a purpose, a range of
advanced available and/or forthcoming concepts and strategies, technologies, and
operational procedures and rules, are considered. The concepts and strategies
include a framework, content, and methodology for monitoring, analysing, and
assessing the level of greening, i.e., sustainable development of the entire air
transport system and particularly one of its components—airports. The technolo-
gies, operational procedures and rules relate exclusively to airports.
Specifically, in the airport airside area, these technologies deal with assessing
the prospective effects of developing particular large congested airports into true
multimodal transport nodes by connecting them to the High Speed Rail (HSR)
network,introducingadvancedAirTrafficControl/AirTrafficManagement(ATC/
ATM) technologies that support innovative operational procedures and rules,
which are expected to increase the airside (runway) landing capacity, and the
gradual introduction of Liquid Hydrogen (LH ) as an alternative aviation fuel.
2
Whereas the former two points are expected to postpone the need for airport
spatial expansion by building new infrastructure (runways) which sometimes
requires the taking of substantial areas of new land, the latter is expected to
mitigate and even diminish the consumption of crude oil as a non-renewable
energy source and the related emissions of greenhouse gases by the entire air
transport system and particularly airports thanks to the chemical and burning
characteristics of LH as an alternative aviation fuel.
2
In the airport landside area, the Light Rail Rapid Transit (LRRT) system is an
advanced technology which is expected to improve the capacity, efficiency, and
effectivenessofthegroundaccessibilityofairportswhileatthesametimemitigate
theoverallenvironmentalandsocialimpactsoftheairportgroundaccesssystems
(modes) such as noise, energy consumption and related emissions of greenhouse
vii
viii Preface
gases, traffic congestion, and traffic incidents/accidents. This is expected to be
achieved by competitiveness of the LRRT system taking over air passengers and
airportemployeesfromotherairportgroundaccesssystems/modes(mainlysingle-
passenger cars).
The assessment of the contribution of the above-mentioned advanced tech-
nologies to ‘‘greening’’, i.e., ensuring the sustainable medium- to long-term
development of airports and consequently of the entire air transport system, is
based on the ‘‘what-if’’ scenario approach. This implies that almost all technolo-
giesandoperationsconsideredhaveeitheralreadybeendevelopedandarewaiting
for real-life implementation, or further elaboration is needed before being con-
sideredforsuchpotentialimplementation.Inanycase,beforebeingimplemented,
they have to be evaluated with respect to their overall social and economic fea-
sibility,whichwillrequiretakingintoaccounttheirotherimportanteconomicand
social attributes, and particularly their safety and security.
Astheauthor,Ihopethatthisbookwillalsobeusedasanadditionalsourceof
inspiration and motivation for intensifying research on making airports greener
andthusfriendlierforusall,particularlyforourchildrenandgrand-children,who
will surely wish to fly more than their parents or grandparents.
Milan Janic´
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Greening the Air Transport System: Structure, Concept, and
Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Structure of the Air Transport System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.2 Airlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.3 Airports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.4 Air Traffic Control/Air Traffic Management . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Concept of Greening the Air Transport System. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.2 Aircraft Engine Fuel Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.3 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.4 Impact on Global Warming and Climate Change . . . . . . 25
2.4 Principles of Greening the Air Transport System. . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 Greening Airports I: Monitoring, Analysing, and Assessing. . . . . . 35
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2 Airports and Concept of Greening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2.1 The Main Components and Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2.2 The Main Strategies for Greening, i.e. Sustainable
Development of Airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.3 Effects—Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.4 Impacts—Costs (Externalities) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3 Indicator System as the Core of the Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.2 Prior Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3.3 Scope and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
ix