Green Process Engineering: From Concepts to Industrial Applications

470 Pages·2015·15.219 MB·English

by  Martine Poux, Patrick Cognet, Christophe Gourdon

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Green Process Engineering
From Concepts to Industrial Applications

Green Process Engineering
From Concepts to Industrial Applications
Editors
Martine Poux
Laboratoire de Génie Chimique - INP-ENSIACET
Toulouse Cedex
France
Patrick Cognet
Laboratoire de Génie Chimique - INP-ENSIACET
Toulouse Cedex
France
Christophe Gourdon
Laboratoire de Génie Chimique - INP-ENSIACET
Toulouse Cedex
France
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
GL--Prelims with new title page.indd ii 4/25/2012 9:52:40 AM
Published by arrangement with Dunod, Paris, France
Translation of: Poux, Martine, Patrick Cognet and Christophe Gourdon. 2010. Génie des procédés
durables: Du concept à la concrétisation industrielle.
Dunod éditions. Paris, 492 p.
French edition: © Dunod, Paris, 2010
ISBN: 978-2-10-051605-6
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Preface
For over a decade now, the industrial world has been moving towards a greener,
safer, cleaner industry that is more environmentally friendly. This movement has
been principally driven by an increasing awareness of environmental issues by the
society worldwide, initially stimulated by the concept of sustainable development.
Indeed in 1980, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
introduced the term sustainable development for the fi rst time. It was employed
again in 1987 in Mrs. Brundtland’s report (entitled ‘Our Common Future’)
when she was Prime Minister of Norway and Chair of the United Nations World
Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). She defi ned the concept of
sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Since then,
the concept of sustainable development has been adopted worldwide.
Although this approach towards sustainability was initiated in the process
industries in the 1990s, the increasing environmental, health and safety regulations,
and REACH in particular, have more recently triggered profound changes in
industry, which are linked to an increased social awareness and attitude, as well as
the integration of risks.
Reconciling the industrial and economic progress, whilst preserving and
respecting the natural balance of the planet has indeed become a challenge.
In this area, chemical engineering is involved at the utmost level. There is an
urgent need for methods and chemical engineering routes that respect the environment
and this has been one of the objectives in chemical engineering in recent years.
This trend is named “Green Process Engineering” and implies a change in
the traditional concepts of process effi ciency, which in addition to conventional
reaction performance, takes into account the economic value of wastes (by reusing
and recycling), the elimination of wastes at the source and the non-use of toxic or
hazardous substances. In this context, the principles of “green chemistry” support the
prevention of pollution instead of waste disposal.
The key to the development of acceptable processing methods, in terms of
environmental protection, lays in the extensive substitution of old technologies and
processes by the use of innovative reaction media and new activation techniques for
reactions whereby catalysis is of prime importance. The emergence of new tools for
chemical synthesis is of course accompanied by the evolution of chemical processes
vi Green Process Engineering
but also the implementation of innovative processing equipment and how they are
operated.
It is therefore essential to educate and to inform engineers and technicians of
the tools available to promote the use of sustainable processes in their professional
career.
By including Green Process Engineering in education, students will receive and
spread their knowledge around them, which will naturally cause industry to evolve.
These reasons led us to publish this book, which is the fi rst such work written in
English. It was originally published in French in 2010 (Dunod) and awarded the
Roberval Prize in France in 2011.
This book is addressed to researchers and academic staff, students, engineers
and technicians. It can also be used as a support for training courses. Written by
researchers and academic staff who work in close partnership with industry, this book
provides the keys for the successful implementation of green processes in the process
industries. Three different but complementary approaches are described in the three
parts of this book. They appear in increasing order of process complexity, starting
from the improvement of the existing methods and processes, then by considering
a change of technology, and fi nally to the implementation of new synthesis routes.
Jean-Claude Charpentier, who is a worldwide expert in the fi eld of chemical
engineering, has honorably written the introduction and through this, he has given
his global vision on modern chemical engineering today.
The fi rst part of this book, which is entitled “Tools for green process
engineering”, includes three chapters dealing with the available tools and methods
for implementing green processes. They focus on how to: i) better integrate social and
environmental criteria, in addition to technical and economic criteria, in the design
and development of processes; ii) optimize the processes; iii) model processes with
computer-aided process engineering tools that offer higher fl exibility to incorporate
new technological devices.
This is an overall approach at the level of the production chain.
In the second part of the book “Technologies and innovative methods for
intensifi cation”, the technical aspects of process intensifi cation are introduced.
Chapters on Miniaturization and Multifunctional reactors describe i) the miniaturized
systems that offer improvements in production quality by the signifi cant decrease in
the size/capacity ratio, low energy consumption and a decrease in the amount of
waste products, and ii) multifunctional reactors, which are an effi cient equipment
due to the synergetic integration of multiple functions, respectively. The following
chapters are then devoted to the intensifi cation of the chemical reaction itself and of
transport phenomena. They cover the implementation of ultrasounds and microwaves
to improve the performance and/or selectivity of reactions and specifi c operations
such as extraction, as well as the use of formulation-based approaches, in particular
by implementing microemulsions as novel reaction media.
The third part of the book focuses on “a new generation of processes”, although
some of them are not really recent. In the latter, conventional operations are
substantially modifi ed with the prime objective of creating sustainable processes.
The fi rst three chapters in this section deal with new media: supercritical fl uids used
as a solvent or as a reaction medium, ionic liquids, as well as water and solvent-
Preface vii
free reactions. These chapters are signifi cantly chemistry-oriented, one of the base-
disciplines of the chemical engineer. They present the latest scientifi c advances on the
development of new generation processes. Most conventional branches of chemical
engineering, such as electrochemistry, catalysis, photocatalysis, biocatalysis and
biotechnology are based core disciplines and that have been redirected towards
new applications to take into account current environmental needs. In each of these
chapters, the reader will fi nd theoretical concepts and many examples of applications.
It is hoped that amongst the different independent chapters of this book, the
reader will fi nd concepts, insights and ideas ... for the design and development of the
production processes of tomorrow. Green and sustainable process engineering is an
emerging and evolving discipline. It offers solutions that meet the economic, societal
and environmental needs of the planet.
Martine Poux
Patrick Cognet
Christophe Gourdon

Contents
Preface v
List of Contributors xi
Introduction xvii
Jean-Claude Charpentier
Part 1: Tools for Green Process Engineering
1. Green Process Engineering Design Methodology: A Multicriteria 3
Approach
Catherine Azzaro-Pantel
2. Process Optimization Strategies 27
Jean-Pierre Corriou and Catherine Azzaro-Pantel
3. Representation and Modelling of Processes 49
Christian Jallut, Françoise Couenne and Bernhard Maschke
Part 2: Technologies and Innovative Methods for Intensifi cation
4. Process Intensifi cation by Miniaturization 77
Joelle Aubin, Jean-Marc Commenge, Laurent Falk and Laurent Prat
5. Multifunctional Reactors 109
Xuan Meyer, Christophe Gourdon, Michel Cabassud and Michel Meyer
6. Ultrasound in Process Engineering: New Look at Old Problems 145
Sergey I. Nikitenko and Farid Chemat
7. Microwaves: A Potential Technology for Green Process 166
Development
Martine Poux
8. Intensifi cation by Means of Formulation 207
Patrick Cognet, Isabelle Rico-Lattes and Armand Lattes