Greek. A complete course for beginners

180 Pages·2009·54.95 MB·English

by  coll.

SPOKEN WORLD
COMPLETE COURSE
Α
FOR BEGINNERS
written by
Elpida Argyrakopoulos
edited by
Christopher Warnasch, Shaina Malkin,
Α.
and Katerina Zombolou Ph.D.
1
LIVING LANGUAGE® Δ
DEDICATION
Το my brother Constantinos, to whom Ι always look up!
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Copyright © 2009 by Living Language, an imprint of Random House, Inc.
Thanks to the Living Language team: Tom Russell, Nicole Benhabib, Chris
Living Language is a member of the Random House Information Group
topher Warnasch, Zviezdana Verzich, Suzanne McQuade, Shaina Malkin,
Elham Shabahat, Sophie Chin, Linda Schmidt, Alison Skrabek, Carolyn
Living Language and colophon .a re registered trademarks of Random
Roth, and Tom Marshall. Special thanks to Alexandra Ioannidou.
House, Inc.
Map © Fodor's Travel, a division of Random House, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Published in the U nited States by Living Language, an imprint of Random
House, Inc.
www.livinglanguage.com
Editors: Christopher Warnasch, Shaina Malkin
Production Editor: Carolyn Roth
Production Man.ager: Tom Marshall
Interior Design: Sophie Ye Chin
First Edition
ISBN: 978-1-4000-2459-9
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available upon request.
•
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ΙΝ ΤΗΕ
9 8 7 6 5 4 3
10 2 1
Course Outline
Introduction
ι χ
.
How to use this course
ι χ
The Greek alphabet and pronunciation
χιιι
VOCABULARY GR AM MAR
Saying hello and good-bye, and other Subject pronouns
1.
greetings and courtesy expressions.
I
The verb (I-me) (to be)
2. ειμαι
3· Asking yesjno questions
4·. Gender and articles
Basic vocabulary and structure for The simple present of
1.
I
talking about family and friends. (E-kho) (to have)
εχω
The plural of masculine nouns
2.
3· Negative sentences
4· Numbers
1- 20
Everyday objects around the home Indefinite articles
1.
and descri ptive terms.
Plural of feminine nouns
2.
3· Plural of neuter nouns
4· Using adjectives
5. Possessives
Talking about your daily routine Present tense of verbs
1. -ω
and asking questions.
Present tense of verbs- the
2. -μαι
. .
passιve voιce
3· Questions question words
a~d
4· Numbers
20- 100
VOCABULARY
tJ
ο
c
....,
ιn
t'D
L~.$SON ΤΟ s(Hqoι)
5 LH'S GO. ο
c
Going to the doctor' s office and the Genitive case of nouns and
. 1. ι-+
.::::;:: ·;·. Days of the week, months, and
Talking about school, courses, and 1.
pharmacy. Important vocabulary articles
seasons
studying.
and expressions for talking about
Adjectives in the genitive
2.
More negation sickness, health, and the human
2. ση
body. 3· Indirect objects
3· Demonstratives
4· Present tense conjugation of
Group verbs
2
Talking about computers, The simple future tense
1.
hardware and software, and using
Vocabulary and expressions for 1. The comparative and 2. Simple future of irregular verbs
the internet.
superlative of adjectives
buying things.
Common irregular verbs
2.
3· Quantity expressions
Vocabulary and expressions for The use
1. οfνα
taking care of everyday needs
Modals
2.
and obligations.
3· The subjunctive
Expressing είμαι and έχω in
Vocabulary and expressions related 1.
the past
to ordering food and eating.
..
Jobs, professions, Word order
Expressing likes and dislikes. workplacesι 1.
2. τ,he simple past of other verbs
and companies.
Two-word prepositions
2.
3· Object pronouns and the
accusative case 3· Reflexive verbs and pronouns
4· Expressing likes and dislikes
5· Ordinal numbers free time, and recreational More the voice
Hobbiesι 1. ση p~ssive
activities.
Relative clauses
2.
Vocabulary related to towns and 1. The imperative 3· Strong and weak pronoun
forms
cities. Getting around and asking
The accusative case
2.
directions.
3· Accusative adjective agreement
the nature and The weather
Sportsι outdoorsι 1.
4· Accusative prepositions 1
the weather.
The past continuous tense
2.
3· The conditional
Numbers above
Speaking on the phone, making 1. 100
appointments, telling tirη.e, and Greek- English glossary 277
Telling time
2.
giving dates.
English-Greek glossary
305
3· Polite requests
4· Dates
________
·-----..- ·-··-·-.... ................. ......................... _
- _._ ............. _... ........................... ..................................................- ..- ... ---·------,-- , ,
..............................- .............. ..... , , Course outline νίί
Greek
νι
lntroduction
Ι,
This course is designed to provide you with an easy and practical introduc
tion to the language. t will help you learn the basics of Greek vocabulary,
Ι
structure, and conversation, so that you'll be able to take part in every
day conversations, find your way around, and make yourself understood
in a range of situations in Greek. Of course, learning a language is not a
simple thing; it takes patience, and commitment, but it can be a lot
tim~,
of fun and very rewarding. This program doesn't assume that you have
any knowledge of Greek, or that you're a whiz with grammatical concepts.
Everything is explained in plain English, grammatical concepts are put in
simple language, and there are plenty of examples to help you understand
each point as you progress through the course. You'll probably find that
with this course, Greek comes to you far more painlessly than you would
have imagined! But before you begin, take a moment to read the to
'Ήοw
Use This Course" section, so that you can get the most out of Spoken World:
Greek by Living Language.
HOW USE THIS COURSE
ΤΟ
This beginner-level course is designed to use both audio and visual instruc
tion to help you master the basics of Greek. previous knowledge of
Νο
Greek is assumed.
Following this introduction, you'll find · a section that teaches you every
thing you need to know about the Greek alphabet and pronunciation. U se it
in conjunction with the audio to become fully acquainted with the sounds
of Greek. Imitate the native speakers that you hear, but don't be worried if
you don't sound quite native yourself; after all, you're not. Good proriun
ciation will come in time. Just use the pronunciation section enough to
familiarize yourself with the sounds and spelling of Greek. Then you can
begin the fifteen lessons, each of which is dedicated to a particular topic
and to specific structural points.
As a general piece of advice, fight the urge to skip ahead or rush over any
part of this course. It's designed in a careful sequence, and each section rep-
manners, and etiquette, and they also give you a chance to the differ
"tourιι ι ~
resents a building block that adds to everything bef~re it while at the same
ent regions of Greece. I ...,
! Ο
time preparing you for everything that comes after ιt. Always move ahead I Q..
c:
at your own pace; if you don't understand somethi.ng, ο: if you .don't feel -~·
ο
quite comfortable with some point, si~ply ~ο ov:r ιt agaιn. That ~ the best Grammar ::J
way to make sure your learning expeπence ιs paιnless and effectιve. ·
Each lesson contains a number of notes on particular aspects of Greek
Each lesson of this course contains the following sections: grammar. These notes are introduced in a careful sequence, so that they
bulld on one another, and they explain the key structures you encounter in
the lesson- particularly, in the dialogue. Each topic is explained in plain
Vocabulary warm-up
and simple language, and there are plenty of examples to help you under
The vocabulary warm-up kicks off the lesson with key words you'll hear in stand. Grammar can be tricky for many beginning language learners, so
the dialogue. Many will be related to the topic of the lesson; some will be take your time on the grammar notes. Grammar is tl1e nuts-and-bolts of
related to the grammar you'll be learning in that particular lesson. any language learning; without it, you wouldn't know how to put words
together!
Dialogue
Exercises
The dialogue in each lesson serves the double purpose of allowing you to
The exercises in each lesson will give you more opportunities to practice
read and hear natural Greek at work and introducing you to Greek cul
the grammar and vocabulary you've learned in each lesson. Each lesson
ture. Read these dialogues carefully; they'll contain the grammar and key
includes an answer key at the end, so you can check yonr progress.
phrases that you will be learning later in the lesson. Don't be afraid to
read them several times, and listen to them on the recordings a few times,
as well. Always go at your own pace, and stick with a section until you're
lndependent challenge
comfortable with it.
The most important part of learning a language is practice. These chal
lenge activ:ities are designed to give you ideas for finding contexts in your
Vocabulary life where you can practice your Greek. They're meant as a guide; if you
feel inspired to create your own independent challenge activities, go right
The vocabulary list contains new words from the dialogue as well as other
ahead. The more contact you have with a language, the better you'lllearn
words related to the overall topic of the lesson. You can refer to this list
it. And don't forget about the internet. Language learners now have an
while reading through the dialogue, but, of course, the translation of the
incredible tool at their disposal- they can find newspapers, blogs, online
dialogue is provided as well. U se the vocabulary lists as a chance to build
references, travel and tourism sites, and much, much more, all of which can
a good foundation for your Greek vocabulary, one topic at a time. Ex?eri
be used to add depth and color to language lessons.
ment with different methods of learning vocabulary-spoken or wπtten
repetition, flash cards, practice sentences, w~b searches ... Be creative, and
find what-works for you. Audio
The audio portion of this course is divided into two sets: Set and Set
Α Β.
Key phrases
Set includes the vocabulary warm-up, dialogue, vocabulary, key phrases,
Α
The key phrases section contains more practical words or phrases related and grammar examples from each lesson. English translations are not in
to the lesson topic. Don't worry if you don't grasp the grammar behind cluded. This part of the audio course should be used along with the book,
each phrase right away. Treat the phrases as extended vocabulary lists; the following the order of each lesson, to allow you to hear the words on the
grammar will be filled in as you progress, and the idiomatic and practical page in spoken Greek. good approach is to read each section first without
Α
expressions you learn in the key phrases will come in handy. the audio so that you're prepared to get the most out of the audio when you
do listen to it. Then, take it step-by-step and listen to each section at a time,
always allowing yourself the time and repetition that you need.
Culture notes
*Helpful Hint: Once you've listened to the dialogue several times while
Each lesson contains two culture notes. These notes are intended to give
reading along in the book, try listening to it without the help of the book.
you a window ση Greek culture. They cover topics such as food, clothing,
- - - ..................... ................. -
-·-·-···---
- - ---· ----··--······················----·..- ·······························. . ······-~-----·-...................................................... . .... .................................... ι
..................................................... .. ---·-················································----- ················································--· ·--···············································~·-----· I ntrod uction χί
,.
Greek
χ
This will help tune your ear to Greek, and it will make understanding the
spoken language easier down the line.
Set is intended to be used on the go to supplement your studies. It
Β cσn­
tains the from each broken easily digestible sen
dialσgue lessσn., dσwn intσ
tences. hear pauses after each sentence, phrase, line
Yσu'll σr σf dialσgue; The Greel< alphabet and
use the pause repeat-what heard practice
tσ yσu aηd yσur prσηuηciatiση.
Set several exercises that appear the pronunciation
Β alsσ iηcludes audiσ-oηly dσ ησt iη
but are based the exactly the same grammar
bσσk ση dialσgue aηd tσpics.
The exercises iη Set Β dσ iηclude Eηglish. Α gσσd way to make use σf Set Β
is it each
tσ listeη tσ fσllσwiηg lessση, σηce yσu've cσmfσrtably fiηished
the text to the Set Use Set wherever it's
readiηg aηd listeηiηg Α audiσ. Β
the car, the at the gym, while you the
cσnveηieηt fσr yσu-iη ση traiη, dσ
GREEK ALPHABET
dishes, the ... It's up also use Set as a review ΤΗΕ
iη gardeη tσ yσu. Υσu caη Β σf
keep
lessσηs yσu've lσηg siηce cσmpleted tσ yσu ση yσur tσes!
Let's start by lσoking at the entire Greek alphabet, aloηg with the ηames
of the letters and their apprσximate proηunciatioη. Notice that the ηames
Glossary
of the letters in Mσderη Greek areη't quite the same as the names of the
At the this a letters in Ancient Greek. -fσr example, VI-ta instead σf beta.
eηd σf bσok yσu'll fiηd Greek-Eηglish/Eηglish-Greek glσssary.
-
Ι t iηcludes all σf the wσrds frσm the vσcabulary lists, plus aηy impσrtaηt ........................................................ ~···. ~ ...................... ...U'#>--~--··- - ................._ ____ ·--- ............................- .. ·-·-· --............................... --;
LffiER GREEK
f ΝΑΜΕ ΡΗΟΝΕ'ΓΙC ΝΑΜΕ APPROXI
that's taught the grammar It a wide ΜΑΤΕ TRANSLITERAτιON i
vσcabulary iη tσpics. alsσ iηcludes
j
of practical that may up the PRONUNCIAτiON
raηge commoη aηd wσrds ηοt cσme iη coη­
text of this course. It's as a dictioriary, but it
ηοt meaηt cσmplete certaiηly
be a valuable tool for the
iηcludes eηough tσ re~ereηce begiηηiηg studeηt
of Greek.
As use this keep this is grad
yσu courseι iη miηd: Laηguage learηing ~
ual it happen overnight. Still, with repeated
prσcess; woη't expσsur-e aηd
practice, you'll find yourself becoming a better better Greek speaker
aηd
each time you pick up this course. But just used in books;
laηguages areη't
they're used by people. So, if you can, seek out speakers of Greek where
............................. _-;
live or the That way, you can practice the language
yσu ση iηternet. aηd
ι
discover new people while you do.
Καλή επιτυχία! (ka-LI e-pi-ti-KHI-a!) Best of luck!
YO-ta ee in see
····:----........... .....k ί .... ..........................._ _
l"''"''' •······•ν•ημ"'"""""""""'''..,..,.• •_ - .. ............ ···---.........
! Κ, κ κάπα -----~~~-~~~ ~ ·i~ ·~;~~- ~ ·~u·~
t·Λ; λ~Μ ~ ··---~~~-~~~ ···-~~~~k -- ----; · --.. ··-·-]·!
r", ..........., ......................_ .,....,u.v ....- -..._..,,,.,,,.,..,.,,,,, .............................. ,..,,.._,.,• . -»ΝΑ.._. __
~N-''11N,VΛ'WWW'.'-'""'"'"""'"<1Vo«o"''''"'''''''''"''"''"'""'"'"'"'"""""""''\'."·"'. ........ ~,.... ..- ~ ..... "" '' "''"'"''"""""f''""'"'n
Μ, μ μι mi m i n me m Ι
W-•-·-*•"-'""'"''- --"""""""."""""""""'"''''''••••- _"_ _____" '' ~ .... _. -- ""'""'"'"""-""""""""""""""""•-··-----
; Ν, ν νι nί n i n no n ·-- !
t"'"·''''' ......
,.~ ΛΥ,,,.,,,,,,~,.,,,.,,,,,,,,,.,,,.,.,,,,,,,.,,,. ., ..........._ ___, ,,,,..,,,,,,..,,_,,,.,.,,,,.,_. .. ,.._,,.,...,.,._,. ..., ____, _...,Η~'<ο'ο-·,,., ,,,,,,,,, . .,,,,.,. .. ,,.,,.,., ...., ,. ...... _<oV.o. ............, ..,_,,,,,,,,.,,.
j ksi ks in sticks ..... ,.. ..· -·---·---......................... ,!
Ξ, ξ ξι ~---;~·-
____
--.. ___
·-......................... ... .................................... .. ----.., .,. ............ ... ... ..................- ........ __, Ρ-·· ... .--........ -·--..........<
~.....
_
_ _ ____ ___ ___
........................................... _, ...., _. ........, ,.,,,,,,,,, ................•.- ----........................................... . ·--..... _.. ................................... ..................................
xii Greek
__.. ........................ ___
..
!'"'"' - ................... -___., ., ....., ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,..,.., ... ...,..,,,,,.,_,_.-.,....,ν-·.,.Λ-·-·• ., ,,. ., .,,_, __ , __~ ...,.··""'······•····••··•·••••••••••••"' ... "'''_'"_ __• •~•·•·•"'' _,.,,,.,,,,,,,,-._. . .., ~~;~ :~--~----~-~-:~ Ξ~_ς ΤΕ-Ι·~-~ ............................._ ____ ,_. ....... ~~-d .......................
r Ί
! Ρ, ρ ρο ro r ίπ rich ι ~
r·-... ... . ·······--,.--·-·-······························-··--·. -- --.. . ............ .. - -
ι ....- ------- .... , .......... ......... _... .......................................... ""{. .... .. ... , .............. ...... ______ . t'D
ι νερό π~-~~ w~ter ·········· ···-~-·~ G)
.Σ, σ, σιιyμα SIGH-ma s ίπ see, s/z ______
_ t-'Dι
!' ς (final) z ίπ zoo -------·! .:.-Ω--··,·· .ω... - ...... ............... ·--·--~-·--· ,μ....-έ.......ν.......ω ...... ...... ............ . W• -..------· •• -...,,,...,,,,,,,,, __i tΛ'D
! ..... ...................... ................... ___ ..,,,_ .......... ------ ..... ___. _. ................................. -.. ~ ----- _ ΜΕ-πο ------. Ι s_t_a_y_/li ve ____] QJ
~ ~ ~-: _ _~ __ t~! ___ ---· ............. ~~~.!ake ~- I ..- ................. ....................... _. . ............ .. .. .... Ό
______
............................. ___ ._ .................! ωρα 0-ra I ::τ
··--- ι QJ
Υ, υ ύψιλον 1-psi-lon ee ίπ see i f ,.. .............. , .............. ,.... .... .,._,_,.,.._.. ....... _.._.,,_ _ ,,,,~·· - . . ' _- -· ........~ .~-m-~ __ hour ................... --..... J !' ct'D:r
--- ......................... ·---··-·. . --. ___ ......... .... .. .. ---.. .................................... __, _ _______ ........................................- ...! Ι ,......
----~-
.................................................. QJ
•
ι :::J
Φ,φ φι fi f i π fa r .......... f . . , ........... ,.: ................. j The single vowel Ε, ε and the vowel cσmbiηation αι both sound like e Cl.
'!
....... ....... i ..., .. __. ........................- ---·-h
----~h j-;~~-~-~: ----·--~~fi>;kh·;:""" get. Ό
iη
ι χ, Χ χι r--..................., .... .......................... .... ., ...................., .. ................... _, ______ ,_,,. ....................................... ο-ι
I. ch in /och Ii :~::·- w .................................. . ..... , !. c::::J
ί Ε, ε μενετε ME-πe-te . ................~ -.,--;~~··;~~;;~·;·~~--(;ι.)-
................- ._. . ____ .. __ ..............J I :::J
! n
~·-~--......- ............................ ··---..................................... _. .... ___, .......... .......... t ι αι·
~-~:- : ·················~---------ΞiM-e-·g-h_a_____ - :-~-~n-n:set -Ι 1 θέλω TH·~ ._. ;~·--·~·-·-·--· ... ~ ....... _.. ......w / wa n-;. . ~ ............................................1 Iι ,......
--·-:-s-- -
σ·
__ :::3
_______ r,, ·-----..........- ............................................ _.._. .............. _ ...... ................._ ______ .. -.................................................... ___. .............. .. ...................._ _____. ._ ...................... .. .. ..... jι·
________
~. .................... ---·--········ ........... - ...........- --·- .............................. __ , ...................... .. ,. .. _.. ........... ---·--·-- αι και ke and ___ I'f
............ ·------............··-·····"'·~-··· --~-... ---·-··············_-- _ _ ................ ···---·--··--·· .................... _... .......................... }
' ___
- ·---·--· ειμ αι ____ - 1-me --- Ι am ______ _ I
.__. ................ ... ............................. .. .......... ..... ,_. ...
.................................. .......
TRANSLITERATION
There are six differeηt ways of spelliηg the souηd of ee iη see iη Greek: the
The used the first this is
traηsliteratiση iη twσ lessσηs σf cσurse meaηt
simple vσwels Η/η, 1/ι, aηd Υ/υ, aηd the combiηatiσηs ει, οι, aηd υι.
..................... ·--··-----.. ........................... ___
to be simple use, but it is the
iηtuitive aηd tσ σηly aη apprσximatiση σf r·
Η-;·η·- -~τη······· ·~ti ..- ................. ...~~;;~;~~-~~-.....................Ί
actual Greek Greek are similar, but identical, to
sσuηds. Maηy sσuηds ηοt
t .. i
Eηglish sσuηds, sσ eveη though the transliteratioη willlσσk like a familiar i! """"'""W"ν"""'W----···--""""''"'""""'"""""'""""Wo _______ ""'-"'""""""""'"'""""-o"Λ""'"'"'"""'"""" '"' "" ''"""'"'"'~...,.,........,,..,.....,....,.,.....;.~,,~;;;\.ν.,,,..,,,,. .... , .... .,,,,,....._.~.......,....~'"'-'"'-.ι..;.η. ...ν ,,,,,,,,,..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,!
μαθητής ma-thi-τιs I
student (m.)
f
Eηglish letter, the actual quality σf that letter will be slightly differeηt from r-··-·-.... -·----·--·--..- ................... ...·- ------.................... .................... _- - !
~
t ................................. ""'""""'""""""""-ΗΝ>""""""''"' •
Eηglish. Alsσ, maηy Greek souηds doη't exist iη Eηglish, aηd vice versa, ~~~~ - ~~------ th~ ~~-=--=~
_ ------ ___ _ tis __ __ _ __ j
so it's completely capture them a system l
impσssible tσ iη traηsliteratiση .. ................... _.___
I σπιτ ι ·-i
SPI-ti house
·-----
based It is very important make use the record
ση Eηglish. therefσre tσ σf
rγ·~ ~-- -·~;6..... i-~; ~ - --;;nder --------
( speakers of Greek) to hear how these be
iηgs σr σf ηative souηds shσuld
1---------................... _.. _ .. , . ___.. ............................ ---
: . ... ................. .- ii
proησuηced.
ύστερα
1 · 1-ste-ra
-- - then, afterwards ι
that stress is with capital ..................................... ........... ................................................~ ... - .............- ... ..........................................1 ;
Fiηally, ηote wσrd iηdicated iη traηsliteratiση ' ~· --~- ·-----~---···
( ει ει μαι 1-me lam
letters. For example, the wσrd Ελλάδα Greece) is represeηted as e-LA-dha,
............................. ,...,,_,.,.,,..<ΗΥ~.-......... ._..,,":'"''····:~·-«•~"""""'f- -"~----.........., . ..........., . ...................................................... _ • - .. • -------------•vo••"" .......................... ,.._ .. ______ ., ·••• '""'"""""""1!1
:
with the stress the syllable.
ση secσηd ι ειναι 1-πe he/shelit is
i
~ ι.·
t'"': ~"''''''''''''''''''W"'"'"'"'" ................ ._"'~--., .... ,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,.,,~,._,.,...,.,..,,'WNNo'"""'--ν.-wNNnιo.lo ..... ,, . i
.................................._ _..• .- .. ......................." ....." "'' ••••••••• , '''''""'''~~. .." """"""''NNM.',,~ ........................................ .,... ........_ _, ..., __. .................
!
οι ........................ ._,._,,... ___ ,. __· --············π····ο··;ι-ος-;- -·-··························p···y··o···s··?-- --' .. ----··-w--··h···o···?···· ····· ···········--1!
~----
VOWELS Γάλλοι GHA-Ii French (m.)
J
...... _. .... --...................... ""' ....................... _.. ...... _.. ... ............................ ........ . ........................................................... -·--............................................ ___.. .... ___,
~.............................................................. ι
··
i υι υιοθετημενος-- -.... yo-the-ti-ME-πos adopted (m.) !
......
-1
Now le(s loσk mσre c1σsely at Greek vσwels, iηcludiηg bσth siηgle vow Γ····~--- --.--·--~~Ξθ~~&; ;~-the-TO ___ ........, .. .........................._ _____ .............................
els Remember that has the
aηd vσwel cσmbiηatiσηs. Α, α sσuηd σf α iη ι. ·--····· -.................... _ ................................ ___, _ --.- Ι adopt- --- J·
.........................................
Jra--t·h e.....r........ .......................- --·-··-......... ...................... -....- --..- -----........ . .. .. ___. .. _... _..
ψ ......................................, .._ .. _ ..................................- "'"\
Α, α Αμερικανός a-me-ri-ka-NOS American I Note that the vowels aηd vowel cσmbiηatioηs η, ι, υ, ει, and οι are prσ­
1 ......................... ........ ___ .. ... ...................... __ ............................... ----· __ ................................- --··--- _... ...............................- --··--!
ι·- ~ -~- ηouηced like γ iη γes wheη they're uηstressed aηd immediately befσre aη­
! σπό a-PO from I other vowel.
! i
....................................................... ._..:....... ......................................................................- ................................., ". ............................................. ,.,. .........
ι #NU...,_.....,....,....,_ ..........................., .............. ,.,..-...... .:......- ....... __. ....................." '". ......................................... ~.--.J
I
Ι''"' •ΙΝ.,.,_,..,Η,Ι"t--Νιο.;_,.,,.,.,,_,.,η~~.,οο. .. _ .............. ,. .., ,..., .... ,,.,...."""'""'Υ>"".,....>>)"'""""''""·'p··• y.., o,,,,,s,,,,?,.,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,"''''"''''ΜΝ'ΜΝΜΑΙ--.-,, ........ , ............., , ... .._ ... .-..-..... --....w,~,".,.h.''""o'''''?"" ............., .. .. ...................
ποιος; ~::~··, ··~--.,- ,~.
.--'.)..'.1....... 0...... . ς. "··~-. yos .............. ·-·---··-···. ............................. ..
Both Ο, ο aηd Ω, ω are proηouηced like ο iη not. But the sσuηd is mσre t __ ........- ...- ......_ .., ............... ........... -·--- '''''"''''''''''ΟΝ.Μ""""'"'"'.............,.~. ........., ...,.......:~··:"'«ν-.~~------.ν.,..;,.,,ο.,,.,,,,.,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,~
son
closer the talk (if it from tock). i
rσuηded, tσ vσwel iη yσu distiηguish :! -.... - ....................I.. ..............._ ______, ....................................................- ---................................ _. ... ·------~. ............................ _. .... _____________ .......... .............._ _._..._ ___ ""11!
j οικσyενεια i_-k_o_-Y E-πya family
____ ,__ -·- ... -~·--· ..................., ...... __ .,., .,. ... -----...- ....................... ~---·-
----
_
. ......... ........
Greek
. '-·- ..... ____ ,_ _ ,... .............. -·--- --·-"··"· ·-·-..· - .... -...- ......................... _.. -1
--t
I ---'""'"~~·~~;~"""'·----·
The combination ου is pronounced like οο in soon. Π, π (ρ) πού; ρου? ~ :τ
___. . _.... _.... ....................................- - .. _... ............................................. _, ___ ............................................... ...... .. ...................... -/'1)
~----·-................................................... Ί Γ ο -~"""'"""""''"'-'''''''''''''''''''''''""''''"•-•οοοοοο~----•<οοοοοοοοο.<οο<<ο.οοο ""''"""'0000'"""''"-·- '"""""_ __" '""-"-"""''"""''""''""'"''''''"""''"'--"""'i G\
___ _ _
Ι_~ -----~μ· ~~ __ ___ __ __. 1!1 σu ____ ...... _. .... ._._......... .. .... ~y, ι~·-~-~ ................ -~ 1 πατε.. ρας ... ....... ρa-TE-ra-s·· ·---···.. father 1 /'1)
=l, /'1)
r που; ρου? iτ:··--~····(~;··----------·--·. .- ·-................... ~μ~ ·-·~--·····-................. ~·;·~~-- ·······---------~·;i;~····························- ..... j ;-.::ις-
where? QJ
' . '' ... _... ... _. . _______. .......... ..............., _ .. _____. .. -............. ...... _,_ .. __ .............. --.......... _. ............. _, ___ ··--·""""'"' ........ ______ ..
-σ
!....--·-"-'"" .........._ .._ __ ............................._ ._ __. ..................................................- -......................- --...................- ....._ ._. ., _ _. f '
ϊ
__ I ~
μάλιστα ΜΑ -li-s_ta_ _ yes, of course
Ι σ
-- ....................................- --·-·-...................................... _.. .... , ................. ,. .......... ' ... ................................... _ -· ..................... .. ! r/'-1+)
Finally, the co~binations αυ and ευ may sound like af and ef before the I 1
Φ, φ (f) φmτοιypαφια fo-to-ghra-FI-a photograph QJ
::3
(voiceless)- -conson-a-nts π (p), σ (s), τ (t), κ (k), φ (f), θ (th), χ (kh), ψ (ps), or I ~~."......,..,,~,• • ,,.,,ι, ........., ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,..,,. .... .,,...,""'''"'"'"''""'",.......'''"'""· .......... , •• ,.,,.,.,,,c Ω-.
καφες ka-FES coffee -σ
ξ (ks). Otherwise they sound like αν and ev.
___ ..............................
ο
.. 1-···•·•·•••··-·••••••••••••••••••n••,..- -.................. ··----........ .,,.., ....................................... _..,__.._ __., , ::::J
..... __ .......................
r~;- ~~6ς ;(~τ ~~ ~·-'""''"''''····················"""'-·---h~ ---·-··-·-·1··-ι ! C:
i ::::J
~ i n
1.... ................................................... ...- ·_ _, .. _, .... ,.. ........... ___... ., .............................................- - ---·- -- - - - ! Qj.
The consonant Σ1 σ is written ς when it occurs at the end of a word. It
I i ~
Αυστρια af-STRI-a Austria . ι
has two pronunciations: s in see and z in zoo. The z sound is heard before ο
::::J
~··•·••••·•••••..,.~•••"·"~''~..._,,"""''"''v".o'"''"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''"'". .- - ""~·-,-·•••••••••>••••••••••••'•••"'"""""""- ' ,....-...• .,. ,,:,..~,;;,:.,.:,\:;,;;,,,,,,,.,,,_,__,,..,,.""'.Μ'"'_ _, _.,, ............... , ... ,,.,,,,,,,,,,.,,.,,,,,~-....,,...,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,.,,,1
I αυ αυI ριο AV-ryo tomorrow I' β (ν), γ (gh, y), ζ (z), μ (m), ν (η), ρ (r}, δ (dh), or λ (1), and the s sound is
,.,1
~'"''' < ........,.,..,.~--.. "Η-~••••••••••"'""'''Λ'>. ......-. -........ ,,,.,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,..__.._ _... ........, ,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,Ν•"";-1...,_'#Ν,'"#.'~~·ΗΑ••"'''''''''''''''''''''''''0'''''"'''""""'" __, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .... heard elsewhere.
·-......................... _______ - .-....- ..................._ ___ .-................................- -·---·-----....................................... ... .................._ __
ε-υ---- --i~~~~-ώ-! ----";i~~--ri--ST-0! - ;::;;~Ξ=:_-j_,·
I
Γ -~
-- :
__·_ . _ _ Σ, σ, ς (=s) . σας sas you, to you (ρ/.) ι
----- ... ~ψ'V'MA'Λ'W,'.>---•"'"f'.,..,.....,,,._~, .. ,,~,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .... ..._~_.. ..... ,~. ..., , ... _,__,_,,,p,...,,,,,,.,,,.,,.,,,.,,,,...,.o,y,__ _H IN-1"-"HH••«(•o•••o•••••<••••••~~. ..." '"'. ....." ''"'". ...... """''>)''"'""~"'"''"'"''''' ,,,,,,,,,,,,,._,,,,,,,,,....,,,..,.,..,.,_~"""""-·•••"'"•••••••••ooooOooooooooooooooooooo""i
~----- -----------~;;---··· ~t.:ti-=-ΚΗ·;=~ - I ·
είστε 1-ste you are {pl.)
happiness !
r. ........., .,.,.,.. ..." . ......, _,.,.,... ................ ................................., ............................. _..__. ........................................... ... ..............................., . ... .....- ...., _..• .._ . .......
~ ~."""'····"·"··· ~ ·~--·-···· ~ Λ. ................................................ __...-..... ......,.... ...... ...,_. .................... (
:. ......... ._. .., ...._.'Λ......ίιi<.;..;.,,,,.,,,,,.,,ΗΗ~,..._.,.._....,,,,,... •••••••••••••'''''''''''''' ••••••••••' -~o ...o ooo•ooooooooooooooooooooon-~oo>~ ......... -~-IWO.--•o•oooooo~;,,....... ._ ,,,,..,,,--M'"""'"'"'"''""'""""'""""'""---"'''"'1 r·Σ ..,... .σ, ς (=z....).. ..........................................κ όσμος κo-zmos world !
.
! ................................... __. ....
I ~ --------~·"· ·~--:-:-~-~~·ς·.. ..-:Ξ~~~~=~i=~-15 --;:::::~~ -~j 1 ............, .. ·-u-
~βέρκ~ς ZVER~~~~ _~-· ·-~ ·-~ e~k~ ~~~e--
:·················-·· -- .......... _.. __ .......... ,
~β{lνω____ - --zv;-no--···················---,··~;~·;~
1.. ......................... .. .... ,. ......... ................... ___., .,. ........................................................... ............................ ,. ... _. __
-.-~-.. ~ ~--·-"""'""""""""''""'''"" ~-·---··-·
.
' ,,j
,,.,...,,...,,,,,,,,Η~''~'Νλ""Υ~'--"'''-""'"""'~Υ"Ι"--•••••"'""""'''''"''''Υ""'. .' "''"'_ _____, ,.,,_...ν.".,.,.,,,.,,.,,~,.,~~<'-":"~~---............. ,~,,,,,,,~,,:,,,::•:•••:••••••<<••ο••ο•••••'-'''.,.,. .. ,,,.,..._.λV."--οοοο>οο•οοοοοοοοοοο••ν•οο••....,•""""'"...,._ __
' Ισλανδία ' i-zlan-DHΙ2a lceland
!
CONSONANTS
d :.. ..................................; ··; nfl ........ ........ _.. ___.,,i
Μ δ~~δ{;;---....... i=~ί.z-D Η 1-ο•: ltr~~e
•• - .......... ---.......
rf·------.. .. ···············-.. --.. .......................................
ι 1
-·-~····· -~~pός···········-·····---- zg·~-~~-R~-..- .. "' .............................; ~-~~y -_
Now let's look at consonants. We'll start with the consonants that are simi
--
lar to sounds in English and that don't require any special comment. ' ................................. ,
I
.........................
............
Β~ β(~) ~···~ ---~--·β&ζ~ -~---········~~~~~-·-----······· jar~~~ ·-: ,
The Greek is slightly trilled or tapped.
Ρ1 ρ
- '''""'"'"''"'-"~''·'(~,,,....._,. ... ,,.,.,,.,,,,,,.,,,,,,_,,Nio'H(•NN;NN"':"("'"'''''(~'''"./'1'>HO'"'"'''''''''''''''''''''''"'""~-'"'-''"''I"'"'''"''''''''""'''""''''""". ......... '''. ... ~':'=""":""'"'\"''"''~"'""'W'"'...cy'oo·.,,,,.,.,, _ __..,I'N«##~YΛ'WoH''U'N'''"'''''-' ''''''''''''''''''''''"''''"''••••....-•"'~
r-....................... _______.. ..................................... _____. ............................- ---.............................. ---·-......................................- -...........
κρεβάτι kre-VA-tl bed 1
.! . _._. ................... ·- ......- --..-...... - ...... ....... ... ............................ _.. _____ .... ,. ...................... ---..- ·-····-·-·"""'"""'' ....................- ---··- .................... -..- --- \ Ρ, ρ (r) ... .. ρεβίθι re-VI-thi . chickpea ,
.
1! Ζ, .ζ (z) . ζ"h""~ 1 zo-1 life [' ""-""''''''''''''''''''" ''''''''''~~0'''''''""-~'V'>. .......................................- ,,'o,,.,,.,,,I., ,,.,.,.,,...,,_ _I Y~--~~.~(ooόoooooooooooooooooo<"\O"'"'"'"'"''("-~"'. ............." "-V••"'''''''''''''''''''"'''"'''''''"''"''''"''"'Hiλλ>IJ. ..N oNU_Ι-"IN_><'I<•_,.•oo_oooooo ooooooo""'''"""''_'. .............W Λ"Λ. .~ v:
ιi! . ............................... --..· ···---·. .......................σ.....υ...I. .ζ_ υ_ι_y_ο_ς, ...............................................S... l-z_ί_-_g_h... .o....s..... .......- ..Ά __. ............s....p.....o.....u.....s....e..... - ·--··-............1I i-' ·' -.---................................................. ~.--κο...... .ρ...... .ε 'ς' .... ......- -..- -...........................K......O.... _-_re__s_ ____ ,_ _ ~·-· ....................................d., aughte, ...r..s..... ........... ·--"'
....................................
ι ~.~....;.~~·-·"""'"-~q-.-~n~"-""'""""""""""""'""""""""'"' ~,
.." "-·. ....._ ...................................................- --·--··. ..........................._ _.._ __. . ...........................1.1
I
Κ, κ (k) ' καλά ka-LA fine
Both th sounds exist in Greek, voiced (as in there the) and voiceless (as
ι-~. ........................ ~. .............................. ,,"1' ...... -. ......- -.... ~··"····•οο••••οο•••••οο-...- -----... ~-....- .......- ::"~'>. .......... __.. ................................................................... -- thίs, 1
Καλημέρα! ka-li-ME-ra! Good morning! in think, with, thorough), but they are written differently: Δ1 δ is voiced, and
;. -~-................................................. ------·· . -· " .. _ ............................. - . _ .... _ .......................- -···-- __. . ,. .......................................- --··----·""'"""' ........- ----1
is voiceless. ln the transliteration system used in the first two lessons,
ι' Λ, λ Μπτό ! θ1 θ ,
(I) le-PTO minute
voiced th is writ ten dh. __
) ......................................... ο,'; .... ... ' '•""" """"'"""''"''''"m"''._,,e,.... .,,,.L,_,,.E....-..,n.,~e.,., ;.,._._ ...,.,, ,~,,.,,, ,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,.,,,......,..,,,...,ν,,,'-M..,•·-yΝ" "n'"a"m""Νe'" '""i'"s"''."" "'.'" "'.'' ''""'-wνν,--t
~....- ~·····- --ψ·····~~.... ~ ~ε ~--..~..·. ..................... ι r·:. ..................- ---·--- .................... ... ...... . -.-.................................................. ,. ... _... ......- -.-................................................... - -.........
Μ:~μ (~)"' "'μ&eημ~--- ~--;Α -~~.ί ~~·~ ..., . .. ,;,~~~" ·---..·~-;~~;·~·~ ......................, . . _.. __ •j : Δ, δ (dh) δεν dhen not
!r ----........................... _.... ..- ----- ----..................................... _... .............................................. _..._ - ...............................- ...;;;.,_,·.,_ . ............................................................
--·-j
-
}-...................- ......... - - -- 1
--μ~σικf} - ---~;;.+~~-- -;,-;;;;~--- ----Ί i δηλαδή • • • dhί:-la-DHI • • . that's to say . ..,
; __)_ . ----··'" ............ ··- meaning . . .
.......... ... 1
iι ~ .ν... .......................... •.. ............ ~...:.. ... ,.~. . ..ιwn.~-........ , • .,. ................................, ,.,. ...- ---·, ...........................................................H .-.,.,_. .......... .,...._,_. ............................... -~---....................... : ιe:·e-(th _θ_έ_λ_ω. .................................................._ __Τ Η-Ε~-ιο _,. .........- ..........; .. ·~~·~~·-- ·------................Ί
!
c~~-·-_::~-~=-i;!Ξ::~- - -~ ~:-Ξ=~-~~~---=-~::~---= :-~ -~J
......;.. . .... ........................" .... '' ...................... ..... .............................................. __a..-=T....H. . .....a ..... ...............- -..· -----·. .A. .....t . . .h ...... e .....n .. ...s .. ... ..... !
~·~--· Α ~·να ~.I-=··n ---~-,.,............ f,,
~-~~--·•Λοοοhοοοοοοοοοο••""""""' ον<νο~••"'''''''''" ''''''''''"''''Υ."-'"''""..........,,_ Λο.V.ΟοοΟοΟοΟΟΟοΟοΟΟΟΟΟΟΟΟΟΟ<ο·••••''''''''''''"λλ1"'-"'#ΛI
L_"_'''"''-"'-"'--'-""'''"'""'""'"'"""""' ''"'"'_ _____ .......
___ ____ ___
____
__ _ _
.. --I ;----......................- ---- - - - .....................- ... ...................... -----:- .......... , , ..................... .., ........................... ......................- -+-.........................
The Greek alphabet and pronunciation xvii
xvi Greek