Table Of Content

Gray Hat Python Table of Contents FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION 1. SETTING UP YOUR DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT Operating System Requirements Obtaining and Installing Python 2.5 Installing Python on Windows Installing Python for Linux Setting Up Eclipse and PyDev The Hacker's Best Friend: ctypes Using Dynamic Libraries Constructing C Datatypes Passing Parameters by Reference Defining Structures and Unions 2. DEBUGGERS AND DEBUGGER DESIGN General-Purpose CPU Registers The Stack Function Call in C Debug Events Breakpoints Soft Breakpoints Hardware Breakpoints Memory Breakpoints 3. BUILDING A WINDOWS DEBUGGER Debuggee, Where Art Thou? my_debugger_defines.py Obtaining CPU Register State Thread Enumeration Putting It All Together Implementing Debug Event Handlers my_debugger.py The Almighty Breakpoint Soft Breakpoints Hardware Breakpoints Memory Breakpoints Conclusion 4. PYDBG—A PURE PYTHON WINDOWS DEBUGGER Extending Breakpoint Handlers printf_random.py Access Violation Handlers Process Snapshots Obtaining Process Snapshots Putting It All Together 5. IMMUNITY DEBUGGER—THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS Installing Immunity Debugger Immunity Debugger 101 PyCommands PyHooks Exploit Development Finding Exploit-Friendly Instructions Bad-Character Filtering Bypassing DEP on Windows Defeating Anti-Debugging Routines in Malware IsDebuggerPresent Defeating Process Iteration 6. HOOKING Soft Hooking with PyDbg firefox_hook.py Hard Hooking with Immunity Debugger hippie_easy.py 7. DLL AND CODE INJECTION Remote Thread Creation DLL Injection Code Injection Getting Evil File Hiding Coding the Backdoor Compiling with py2exe 8. FUZZING Bug Classes Buffer Overflows Integer Overflows Format String Attacks File Fuzzer file_fuzzer.py Future Considerations Code Coverage Automated Static Analysis 9. SULLEY Sulley Installation Sulley Primitives Strings Delimiters Static and Random Primitives Binary Data Integers Blocks and Groups Slaying WarFTPD with Sulley FTP 101 Creating the FTP Protocol Skeleton Sulley Sessions Network and Process Monitoring Fuzzing and the Sulley Web Interface 10. FUZZING WINDOWS DRIVERS Driver Communication Driver Fuzzing with Immunity Debugger ioctl_fuzzer.py Driverlib—The Static Analysis Tool for Drivers Discovering Device Names Finding the IOCTL Dispatch Routine Determining Supported IOCTL Codes Building a Driver Fuzzer ioctl_dump.py 11. IDAPYTHON—SCRIPTING IDA PRO IDAPython Installation IDAPython Functions Utility Functions Segments Functions Cross-References Debugger Hooks Example Scripts Finding Dangerous Function Cross-References Function Code Coverage Calculating Stack Size 12. PYEMU—THE SCRIPTABLE EMULATOR Installing PyEmu PyEmu Overview PyCPU PyMemory PyEmu Execution Memory and Register Modifiers Handlers Register Handlers Library Handlers Exception Handlers Instruction Handlers Opcode Handlers Memory Handlers High-Level Memory Handlers Program Counter Handler IDAPyEmu addnum.cpp Function Emulation PEPyEmu Executable Packers UPX Packer Unpacking UPX with PEPyEmu Gray Hat Python Justin Seitz Copyright © 2009 For information on book distributors or translations, please contact No Starch Press, Inc. directly: No Starch Press, Inc. 555 De Haro Street, Suite 250, San Francisco, CA 94107 phone: 415.863.9900; fax: 415.863.9950; [email protected]; www.nostarch.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Seitz, Justin. Gray hat Python : Python programming for hackers and reverse engineers / Justin Seitz. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-192-3 ISBN-10: 1-59327-192-1 1. Computer security. 2. Python (Computer program language) I. Title. QA76.9.A25S457 2009 005.8--dc22 2009009107 No Starch Press and the No Starch Press logo are registered trademarks of No Starch Press, Inc. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we are using the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. The information in this book is distributed on an "As Is" basis, without warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author nor No Starch Press, Inc. shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it. No Starch Press Dedication Mom, If there's one thing I wish for you to remember, it's that I love you very much. Alzheimer Society of Canada—www.alzheimers.ca FOREWORD The phrase most often heard at Immunity is probably, "Is it done yet?" Common parlance usually goes something like this: "I'm starting work on the new ELF importer for Immunity Debugger." Slight pause. "Is it done yet?" or "I just found a bug in Internet Explorer!" And then, "Is the exploit done yet?" It's this rapid pace of development, modification, and creation that makes Python the perfect choice for your next security project, be it building a special decompiler or an entire debugger. I find it dizzying sometimes to walk into Ace Hardware here in South Beach and walk down the hammer aisle. There are around 50 different kinds on display, arranged in neat rows in the tiny store. Each one has some minor but extremely important difference from the next. I'm not enough of a handyman to know what the ideal use for each device is, but the same principle holds when creating security tools. Especially when working on web or custom-built apps, each assessment is going to require some kind of specialized "hammer." Being able to throw together something that hooks the SQL API has saved an Immunity team on more than one occasion. But of course, this doesn't just apply to assessments. Once you can hook the SQL API, you can easily write a tool to do anomaly detection against SQL queries, providing your organization with a quick fix against a persistent attacker. Everyone knows that it's pretty hard to get your security researchers to work as part of a team. Most security researchers, when faced with any sort of problem, would like to first rebuild the library they are going to use to attack the problem. Let's say it's a vulnerability in an SSL daemon of some kind. It's very likely that your researcher is going to want to start by building an SSL client, from scratch, because "the SSL library I found was ugly." You need to avoid this at all costs. The reality is that the SSL library is not ugly—it just wasn't written in that particular researcher's particular style. Being able to dive into a big block of code, find a problem, and fix it is the key to having a working SSL library in time for you to write an exploit while it still has some meaning. And being able to have your security researchers work as a team is the key to making the kinds of progress you require. One Python-enabled security researcher is a powerful thing, much as one Ruby-enabled one is. The difference is the ability of the Pythonistas to work together, use old source code without rewriting it, and otherwise operate as a functioning superorganism. That ant colony in your kitchen has about the same mass as an octopus, but it's much