Table Of Content

Map Design: Graphic Design Basics 1 5.9 Map Design: Graphic Design Basics Start © copyright: Kommission Aus- und Weiterbildung, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kartographie e.V., Germany 2000 c/o Reinhard Urbanke Erlenweg 3/1 D-71394 Kernen im Remstal EMail: [email protected] Map Design: Graphic Design Basics 2 Contents 5.9 Map design: Graphic design basics ................................................6 Contents 1 Perception ............................................................................................... 6 Exercises Outer and Inner Worlds............................................................................................6 Perception overload .................................................................................................6 Index Selection ................................................................................................................7 Processing..............................................................................................................7 Search 2 Communication........................................................................................ 7 Next results Communication .......................................................................................................8 Previous results Code......................................................................................................................9 Languages............................................................................................................ 10 Print Communication goals............................................................................................. 11 Exit 3 Design ................................................................................................... 12 The form .............................................................................................................. 12 Basic forms........................................................................................................... 13 Graphic elements................................................................................................... 14 Variations............................................................................................................. 15 Design principles ................................................................................................... 15 4 Optical Illusions..................................................................................... 17 Lines.................................................................................................................... 17 Areas................................................................................................................... 18 Tonal value ........................................................................................................... 20 © copyright: Kommission Aus- und Weiterbildung, 5 The area ................................................................................................ 21 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kartographie e.V., Germany 2000 Empty space / white space ..................................................................................... 21 c/o Reinhard Urbanke Erlenweg 3/1 D-71394 Kernen im Remstal Home EMail: [email protected] Map Design: Graphic Design Basics 3 5.9 Locations of effect ................................................................................................. 22 Effect................................................................................................................... 22 Associative meanings............................................................................................. 24 6 Area aesthetics...................................................................................... 25 Contents Size ..................................................................................................................... 25 Area subdivision.................................................................................................... 26 Exercises Composition.......................................................................................................... 27 Index 7 Colour.................................................................................................... 29 Colour psychology ................................................................................................. 29 Search Colour dimension (CIELAB-colour system) ................................................................ 30 Colour contrast...................................................................................................... 31 Next results Previous results 8 Type aesthetics...................................................................................... 33 Print Evolution of type ................................................................................................... 33 Geometry............................................................................................................. 35 Exit Letter spacing....................................................................................................... 35 9 Type composition................................................................................... 37 Grey value............................................................................................................ 37 Reading process.................................................................................................... 37 Type face selection ................................................................................................ 38 Type face mixture.................................................................................................. 39 Compositions ........................................................................................................ 39 Typographic errors................................................................................................. 40 10 Signs...................................................................................................... 41 Communication ..................................................................................................... 41 © copyright: Kommission Aus- und Weiterbildung, Function............................................................................................................... 43 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kartographie Trademarks........................................................................................................... 43 e.V., Germany 2000 c/o Reinhard Urbanke Erlenweg 3/1 D-71394 Kernen im Remstal Home EMail: [email protected] Map Design: Graphic Design Basics 4 5.9 Design ................................................................................................................. 43 To find a shape...................................................................................................... 44 11 Publications........................................................................................... 45 Notepaper and visiting cards................................................................................... 45 Contents Books................................................................................................................... 46 Dustjacket............................................................................................................ 47 Exercises Magazine.............................................................................................................. 47 Index Poster .................................................................................................................. 48 Packaging............................................................................................................. 48 12 Map symbols.......................................................................................... 49 Search Symbol system...................................................................................................... 49 Next results Symbol types........................................................................................................ 49 Previous results Variations............................................................................................................. 50 Print Design ................................................................................................................. 51 Map symbols......................................................................................................... 52 Exit Type .................................................................................................................... 53 13 Map design: Graphic structure ............................................................... 54 Image of nature .................................................................................................... 54 Purpose of the map................................................................................................ 55 ........................................................................................................................... 55 Legibility .............................................................................................................. 56 Assessment principles............................................................................................ 57 14 External map design .............................................................................. 58 Principles.............................................................................................................. 58 © copyright: Map title............................................................................................................... 59 Kommission Aus- und Weiterbildung, Scale and linear scale............................................................................................. 60 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kartographie e.V., Germany 2000 Legend................................................................................................................. 61 Title page............................................................................................................. 62 c/o Reinhard Urbanke Erlenweg 3/1 D-71394 Kernen im Remstal Home EMail: [email protected] Map Design: Graphic Design Basics 5 15 Exercises ...............................................................................................56.29 Perception ............................................................................................................ 62 Communication ..................................................................................................... 63 Area effect............................................................................................................ 63 Area composition................................................................................................... 64 Contents Type balance......................................................................................................... 65 Typography........................................................................................................... 65 Exercises Logo .................................................................................................................... 66 Index Notepaper ............................................................................................................ 67 Poster .................................................................................................................. 68 Symbols............................................................................................................... 68 Search Map ..................................................................................................................... 69 Next results Travel guide.......................................................................................................... 70 Previous results Index ............................................................................................................... 72 Print Exit © copyright: Kommission Aus- und Weiterbildung, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kartographie e.V., Germany 2000 c/o Reinhard Urbanke Erlenweg 3/1 D-71394 Kernen im Remstal Home EMail: [email protected] Map Design: Graphic Design Basics 6 5.9 Map design: Graphic design basics Take supper for example: Is the tasting sense dominating, because the meal is tasting deli- ciously, or the eye, because the table is nicely 1 Perception laid out, or the ear, because the conversation Contents and the music are pleasing? Humans also per- Cartographers and design both use visual inter- manently experience themselves, their inner Exercises human communication. In order to discuss world. The limbs and organs call our attention if Index graphic design, we have to deal with the topic of they are exhausted or diseased. The soul, the the communicating human. But to understand psyche plays an important role deciding on the the communication process, first of all we have state of well-being. Humans feel, they perceive Search to speak about human perception. moods and instincts and know whether they are Next results walking or sitting or doing something. Previous results Print Exit Outer and Inner Worlds Perception overload What and how do people perceive? People’s inner and outer worlds impact upon Well, primarily people perceive their environ- them simultaneously and are perceived in con- ment - the outer world. They see, hear, touch, junction. the perception process is a permanent smell and taste it. For that purpose they have state during every situation of life, impossible to perceptual organs. During the perception proc- switch off. It is impossible also for people to fil- ess all senses work simultaneously and therefore ter out a specific perception, as in addition to it is not easy to decide which sense is decisive that they have to survey its environment; like- © copyright: for the occurrence of a reaction in a certain situ- wise they cannot switch off one particular sense. Kommission Aus- und Weiterbildung, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kartographie ation. They can only try to concentrate on some specif- e.V., Germany 2000 ic aspect. c/o Reinhard Urbanke Erlenweg 3/1 D-71394 Kernen im Remstal Home EMail: [email protected] Map Design: Graphic Design Basics 7 5.9 Selection What are the components of human perception that he has to deal with? The biggest part of all incoming stimuli is perceived subconsciously and this part decisively (cid:1) The feeling is a spontaneous all-embracing per- Contents shapes us. To shield from a stimuli overflow peo- sonal reaction to a perception, responsible for ple can try to perceive part of all information actions. Exercises consciously, just big enough to be digested sep- (cid:1) Needs are caused by a shortage and have to be Index arately (selection). The perception process pro- satisfied immediately. ceeds as follows: (cid:1) Interest is controlled by the mind and aims on a field that is not covered by needs. Search (cid:1) First of all people are confronted with a disor- (cid:1) Motivation is the conscious and subconscious Next results dered general impression. combination of these components. Previous results (cid:1) Consecutively they select specific information (cid:1) Expectation is the more or less clear temporary Print (selection). objective we have in mind. Exit (cid:1) They try to order them by looking at them con- (cid:1) Memory is a conscious or subconscious feedback sciously (synthesis). factor. (cid:1) But simultaneously they discover new stimuli and try to integrate them in their system as well. (cid:1) Finally they receive an ordered whole, an over- 2 Communication view. While analysing it a feedback process is initiated influenced by many components. The designer has to deal with the exchange of information, the communication. He must understand their functioning, the codes and languag- Processing es. Only then will he be able to define the design © copyright: goals. Kommission Aus- und Weiterbildung, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kartographie The designer intends to effectuate a certain re- e.V., Germany 2000 action in the viewer (or customer). c/o Reinhard Urbanke Erlenweg 3/1 D-71394 Kernen im Remstal Home EMail: [email protected] Map Design: Graphic Design Basics 8 5.9 Communication A simplified scheme of (visual) communication looks a follows: Contents The transmitter (the designer) communicates Exercises with the receiver (the viewer) by sending mes- Index sages with the help of a language (here: pictori- 2a A traffic sign whose meaning is known in Germa- ny immediately is used in the USA with two explan- al language and written language). For that end atory texts. he uses codes to transmit his message effective- Search ly. A picture, for instance, showing the sea, the Next results sun and palm trees, is not only an image of the Previous results coast, but leads the viewer to further associa- Print tions and can stand for recovery, relaxation, Exit warmth, holidays etc. The cartographer uses codes with his symbols as well. ✉ The symbol not only stands for a letter, but also for a post office. The symbol does not only mean several trees and rain forest, but also tropics, humid- © copyright: torrid climate, a certain flora and fauna etc. 2b The ships do not understand each other because Kommission Aus- und Weiterbildung, they use different languages. Although the viewer Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kartographie e.V., Germany 2000 cannot understand the dialogue he would be able to understand the course of events. c/o Reinhard Urbanke Erlenweg 3/1 D-71394 Kernen im Remstal Home EMail: [email protected] Map Design: Graphic Design Basics 9 5.9 Code The code encodes messages. The receiver is able to understand the content only with knowledge Contents about the code (Example: map legend). Exercises Every symbol has a certain meaning the receiver Index has to know. The spoken language is a code as well: Someone 2c Different stars; each of them has its own mean- Search ing that exceeds its pure geometric form. may for instance understand German fairly well, Next results French less well and Finnish not at all. Previous results Print It may happen of course that two or more mean- Exit ings exist for one symbol . In maps, for example, the symbol + can stand for a church, a chapel, a graveyard or a rock. Shaking our head is also codified: it means No to us, in Greece it means Yes. © copyright: Kommission Aus- und Weiterbildung, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kartographie 2d: Someone can only use the pattern sheet if he e.V., Germany 2000 knows its function and its signs. c/o Reinhard Urbanke Erlenweg 3/1 D-71394 Kernen im Remstal Home EMail: [email protected] Map Design: Graphic Design Basics 10 5.9 Languages 2e: Pictorial language: This picture comprises more than At the beginning of human history people under- two windows, one stood each other through facial expressions and door, two walls, the Contents gestures or sounds. floor and a roof slope. It transmits a certain Exercises mood. Information as discoveries, moods, desires or Index orders could be thus communicated. Since the stone age linguistic signs are recorded Search permanently by engraving them in wood or Next results 2f: Encoded: sign Previous results painting them on stone walls. The signs were language, musical taken from nature. notation, braille, Print machine language, bar code . Exit In the 5th century BC schematic pictorial signs have been stringed together for the first time, enabling us to visualize trains of thought and courses of events. Now languages could be developed according to cultural expression and social requirements. 2g: A possible communication goal: At- Sign-like pictures were combined to form sign tract attention. language (e.g. the symbols on maps). Look here! © copyright: Kommission Aus- und Weiterbildung, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kartographie e.V., Germany 2000 c/o Reinhard Urbanke Erlenweg 3/1 D-71394 Kernen im Remstal Home EMail: [email protected]