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Grainger & Allisons Diagnostic Radiology V.2 PDF

1258 Pages·2016·156.56 MB·English
by  Adam A.
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GRAINGER & ALLISON’S DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY A Textbook of Medical Imaging Executive Content Strategist: Michael Houston Content Development Specialist: Martin Mellor Publishing Services Ltd Project Manager: Andrew Riley Design: Ellen Zanolle Illustration Manager: Jennifer Rose Illustrator: Antbits, Ltd. Marketing Manager: Veronica Short GRAINGER & ALLISON’S DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY 6TH EDITION A Textbook of Medical Imaging Volume 1 EDITED BY Andreas Adam, CBE, MB, BS(Hons), PhD, FRCP, FRCR, FRCS, FFRRCSI(Hon), FRANZCR(Hon), FACR(Hon), FMedSci Adrian K. Dixon, MD, MD(Hon caus), FRCP, FRCR, FRCS, FFRRCSI(Hon), FRANZCR(Hon), FACR(Hon), FMedSci Jonathan H. Gillard, BSc, MA, MD, FRCP, FRCR, MBA Cornelia M. Schaefer-Prokop, MD, PhD For additional online content visit expertconsult.com Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE an imprint of Elsevier Limited © 2015, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved. First edition 1986 Second edition 1991 Third edition 1997 Fourth edition 2001 Fifth edition 2008 The right of Andreas Adam, Adrian K. Dixon, Jonathan H. Gillard and Cornelia M. Schaefer-Prokop to be identified as editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN: 978-0-7020-4295-9 e-book ISBN: 978-0-7020-6128-8 Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Preface This sixth edition of the landmark Grainger and Allison American communities should find it helpful when pre- textbook ‘Diagnostic Radiology’ is truly a cooperative paring for their board examinations. It should also serve venture. Two new active Lead Editors (Jonathan Gillard as a useful reference text for most radiological depart- and Cornelia Schaefer-Prokop) have joined Andy Adam ments. We hope it will remain as a ready source of refer- and Adrian Dixon. They bring with them considerable ence material for most radiological queries—even in the expertise in neuroradiology and chest radiology, respec- days of the internet. The support given to the editors and tively. Another new feature is the introduction of very authors by the team at Elsevier has been exemplary. energetic Section Editors, Michael Maher (abdomen), Michael Houston has now wholeheartedly supported this Cathy Owens (paediatrics), Phil O’Connor and Andrew project for several decades. Martin Mellor has been the Grainger (musculoskeletal), Rolf Jäger (neuroradiology), lynchpin in keeping authors (and editors!) up to the mark. Vicky Goh (oncology), and Anna-Maria Belli and Michael Andrew Riley has been instrumental in the closing stages Lee (intervention). The expectation is that these section of typesetting and proofreading. Thank you gentlemen: editors will subsequently develop small niche spin-off we could not have done it without you! Nor could we educational/teaching books based on this material, but have done it without the continued support of the cast of expanded in their chosen sub-specialties, in exactly the over 190 authors from around the world who have gener- same way that Nyree Griffin and Lee Grant have done ously given of their time and expertise to this ‘living’ (2013) for the main textbook. textbook, not only those who have helped in this edition We hope that this new edition of this book will help but also those who have contributed to previous editions. to maintain its role as the leading general textbook for Again we are very grateful. those pursuing radiological training in the UK, mainland Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and New Zealand; Andreas Adam, certainly it has been written very much with qualifying Adrian K. Dixon, examinations in those countries in mind (FRCR, FFRCSI, Jonathan H. Gillard, EDiR, FRANZCR, DNB, etc.). Radiologists in the Cornelia M. Schaefer-Prokop ix List of Section Editors Andreas Adam, CBE, MB, BS(Hons), PhD, FRCP, H. Rolf Jäger, MD, FRCR FRCR, FRCS, FFRRCSI(Hon), FRANZCR(Hon), Reader in Neuroradiology, Department of Brain Repair FACR(Hon), FMedSci and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Professor of Interventional Radiology, King’s College UCL Faculty of Brain Sciences; Consultant London, London, UK (Section G: Oncological Neuroradiologist, Lysholm Department of imaging; Section I: Interventional radiology) Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, and Department of Imaging, Anna-Maria Belli, FRCR, EBIR University College London Hospitals, London, UK Professor of Interventional Radiology; Consultant (Section E: The spine; Section F: Neuroimaging) Radiologist, Radiology Department, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (Section I: Michael J. Lee, MSc, FRCPI, FRCR, FFR (RCSI), Interventional radiology) FSIR, EBIR Professor of Radiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Adrian K. Dixon, MD, MD(Hon caus), FRCP, Ireland; Consultant Interventional Radiologist, FRCR, FRCS, FFRRCSI(Hon), FRANZCR(Hon), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (Section I: FACR(Hon), FMedSci Interventional radiology) Professor Emeritus of Radiology; Master, Peterhouse, Cambridge, UK (Section A: Principles of imaging Michael M. Maher, MD, FRCSI, FRCR, FFR (RCSI) techniques and general issues; Section B: The chest Professor of Radiology, University College Cork; and cardiovascular system; Section C: Abdominal Consultant Radiologist, Cork University Hospital imaging) and Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Section C: Abdominal imaging) Jonathan H. Gillard, BSc, MA, MD, FRCP, FRCR, MBA Professor of Neuroradiology, University of Cambridge, Philip O’Connor, MBBS, MRCP, FRCR, FFSEM(UK) Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Section E: Musculoskeletal Radiologist, Clinical Radiology, Leeds The spine; Section F: Neuroimaging; Section H: Teaching Hospitals Trust, The University of Leeds, Paediatric imaging) West Yorkshire, UK (Section D: The musculoskeletal system) Vicky Goh, MA, MBBChir, MD, MRCP, FRCR Chair of Clinical Cancer Imaging, Division of Imaging Catherine M. Owens, BSc, MBBS, MRCP, FRCR Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College Consultant Radiologist and Honorary Reader, London; Honorary Consultant Radiologist, Guy’s Department of Imaging, Great Ormond Street and St Thomas’ Hospitals, London, UK (Section G: Hospital, London, UK (Section H: Paediatric Oncological imaging) imaging) Andrew J. Grainger, BM, BS, MRCP, FRCR Cornelia M. Schaefer-Prokop, MD, PhD Consultant and Honorary Clinical Associate Professor, Professor of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Musculoskeletal Radiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Amersfoort, The Netherlands (Section A: Principles and Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research of imaging techniques and general issues; Section B: Centre, Leeds, UK (Section D: The musculoskeletal The chest and cardiovascular system) system) x List of Contributors Andreas Adam, CBE, MB, BS(Hons), PhD, FRCP, Susan M. Ascher, MD FRCR, FRCS, FFRRCSI(Hon), FRANZCR(Hon), Professor of Radiology, Georgetown University School FACR(Hon), FMedSci of Medicine; Co-Director, Abdominal Imaging, Professor of Interventional Radiology, King’s College Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, London, London, UK USA E. Jane Adam, MB, BS(Hons), MRCP, FRCR Norbert Avril, MD Consultant Radiologist, St George’s Healthcare NHS Professor and Research Scholar, Department of Trust, London, UK Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Judith E. Adams, MBBS, FRCR, FRCP, FBIR Cleveland, OH, USA Professor of Clinical Radiology, Department of Radiology and Manchester Academic Health Science Zelena A. Aziz, MRCP, FRCR, MD Centre, The Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester Consultant Chest Radiologist, London Chest Hospital, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK Manchester, UK Danielle Balériaux, MD Omar Agosto, MD Professor Emeritus, Neuroradiology, Hôpital Erasme Clinical Assistant Professor, Diagnostic Radiology, ULB, Brussels, Belgium Temple University School of Medicine; Director of Body MRI and Body CT, Diagnostic Radiology, Jelle O. Barentsz, MD, PhD Jeanes Hospital and Northeastern Ambulatory Care Professor of Radiology, Department of Radiology, Center-Temple University Healthcare System, Prostate MR Reference Center, Radboud University Philadelphia, PA, USA Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Farah Alobeidi, MA, MB BChir, MRCS, FRCR Neuroradiology Fellow, Lysholm Department of Frederik Barkhof, MD, PhD Neuroradiology, The National Hospital for Professor of Neuroradiology, Alzheimer Center and Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK Department of Radiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Roberto Alonzi, BSc, MBBS, MRCP, FRCR, MD Consultant in Clinical Oncology, Mount Vernon Sue J. Barter, MBBS, MRCP, DMRD, FRCR, FRCP Cancer Centre, Northwood; Senior Lecturer, The Consultant Radiologist, Department of Radiology, Cancer Institute, University College London, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation London, UK Trust, Cambridge, UK Allan C. Andi, BSc(Hons), MRCS(Ed), FRCR Timothy Beale, MBBS, FRCS, FRCR Consultant Radiologist, The Hillingdon Hospitals Consultant Head and Neck Radiologist, University NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK College Hospital, Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, London, UK Maria I. Argyropoulou, MD, PhD Professor of Radiology, Department of Radiology, Philip W.P. Bearcroft, MA, MB, BChir, FRCR, FRCP University of Ioannina, Greece Consultant Radiologist, Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Owen Arthurs, MB, Bchir, PhD, FRCR Cambridge, UK Consultant Paediatric Radiologist, Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK Catherine Beigelman-Aubry, MD Priva Docent-Maitre d’enseignement et recherche, Radiodiagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland xi xii List of Contributors Anna-Maria Belli, FRCR, EBIR W.K. ‘Kling’ Chong, BMedSci, MBChB, MD, Professor of Interventional Radiology; Consultant MRCP, FRCR Radiologist, Radiology Department, St George’s Specialty Lead for Radiology/Imaging; Consultant Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK Paediatric Neuroradiologist, Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Lol Berman, FRCP, FRCR London, UK Lecturer and Honorary Consultant, University Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Joo-Young Chun, MBBS, MSc, MRCS, FRCR Cambridge, UK Consultant Interventional Radiologist, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK Sanjeev Bhalla, MD Chief, Cardiothoracic Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute Richard H. Cohan, BA, MD, FACR of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, Professor of Radiology, Department of Radiology, St Louis, MO, USA University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Joti Jonathan Bhattacharya, MBBS, MSc, FRCR Consultant Neuroradiologist, Department of Susan J. Copley, MBBS, MD, FRCR, FRCP Neuroradiology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Consultant Radiologist and Reader in Thoracic Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK Imaging, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK Jan Bogaert, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine, Department of Radiology, David O. Cosgrove, MA, MSc, FRCP, FRCR University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Emeritus Professor, Imaging Sciences, Imperial Leuven, Leuven, Belgium College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK Joyce G.R. Bomers, MSc PhD Nigel C. Cowan, MA, MB, Bchir, FRCP, FRCR Candidate, Department of Radiology, Radboud Consultant Radiologist, The Manor Hospital, University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Oxford, UK The Netherlands Ahmed Daghir, MRCP, FRCR David J. Bowden, MA, VetMB, MB, BChir, FRCR Clinical Fellow, Department of Radiology, Nuffield Senior Registrar, University of Cambridge, Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK Maria Daskalogiannaki, MD, PhD David J. Breen, MRCP, FRCR Consultant Radiologist, Radiology, University Hospital Consultant Abdominal Radiologist; Honorary of Iraklion, Iraklion, Greece Senior Lecturer in Radiology, Department of Radiology, Southampton University Hospitals, Chandra Dass, MBBS, DMRD Southampton, UK Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA Jackie Brown, BDS, MSc, FDSRCPS, DDRRCR Consultant Dental and Maxillofacial Radiologist, Guy’s Indran Davangnanam, MB, BCh, BMedSci, FRCR and St Thomas’ Hospitals Foundation Trust; Senior Consultant Neuroradiologist, National Hospital for Lecturer at King’s College London Dental Institute Neurology and Neurosurgery, Lysholm Radiological of Guy’s, King’s College and St Thomas’ Hospitals, Department; Radiology, Moorfields Eye Hospital; London, UK Honorary Research Associate, The Brain Repair and Rehabilitation Unit, Institute of Neurology, Robert S.D. Campbell, MB, ChB, FRCR London, UK Consultant Musculoskeletal Radiologist, Department of Radiology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, A. Mark Davies, MBChB, DMRD, FRCR Liverpool, UK Consultant Radiologist, MRI Centre, Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Dina F. Caroline, MD, PhD Birmingham, UK Professor of Radiology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA Albert de Roos, MD Professor of Radiology, Department of Radiology, Jean-François Chateil, MD, PhD Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Professor, CHU de Bordeaux, Service d’imagerie The Netherlands anténatale, de l’enfant et de la femme; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France List of Contributors xiii † Arthur M. De Schepper Sr., MD, PhD Kirsten Forbes, MB BChir, MD, MRCP, FRCR Former Radiologist, Department of Radiology, Consultant Neuroradiologist, Department of University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium Neuroradiology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK Sujal R. Desai, MD, MRCP, FRCR Consultant Radiologist, King’s College Hospital, Tomás Franquet, MD London, UK Chief Section of Thoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Hospital de Sant Pau; Associate Professor Adrian K. Dixon, MD, FRCP, FRCR, FRCS, of Radiology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, FFRRCSI(Hon), FRANZCR(Hon), FACR(Hon), FMedSci Barcelona, Spain Professor Emeritus of Radiology; Master, Peterhouse College, Cambridge, UK Alan H. Freeman, MBBS, FRCR Consultant Radiologist, Department of Radiology, Veronica Donoghue, FRCR, FFRRCSI Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Consultant Paediatric Radiologist, Radiology Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Department, Children’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland Susan Freeman, MRCP, FRCR Consultant Radiologist, Department of Radiology, Andrew J. Dunn, MBChB, FRCR Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Consultant Musculoskeletal Radiologist, Department of FoundationTrust, Cambridge, UK Radiology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK Julia Frühwald-Pallamar, MD Assistant Professor of Radiology, Medical University Marina Easty, MBBS, BSc, MRCP, FRCR, of Vienna, Department of Biomedical Imaging PGCert Nuc Med and Image-Guided Therapy, Subdivision of Consultant Paediatric Radiologist, Radiology Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Vienna, Austria London, UK Ferdia Gallagher, MA, PhD, MRCP, FRCR Robert J. Eckersley, PhD Cancer Research UK Clinician Scientist Fellow, Senior Lecturer, Division of Imaging Sciences, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute; Honorary Biomedical Engineering Department, King’s College Consultant Radiologist, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK Cambridge, UK Tarek El-Diasty, MD Massimo Gallucci, MD, PhD Professor of Radiology, Radiology Department, Professor of Neuroradiology, Neuroradiology Service, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura San Salvatore University Hospital, L’Aquila, Italy University, Mansoura, Egypt Bhaskar Ganai, BSc(MedSci) Hons, MBChB, MRCS, Mohamed Abou El-Ghar, MD FRCR, EBIR Professor of Radiodiagnosis, Radiology Department, Lecturer in Interventional Radiology, Royal College of Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Radiology, University, Mansoura, Egypt Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland Christoph Engelke, MD Pilar Garcia-Peña, MD, PhD Geschäftsführender Oberarzt, Abteilung Diagnostische Paediatric Radiologist, Hospital Materno-Infantil, Radiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Germany Barcelona, Spain Andrew J. Evans, MRCP, FRCR Jacob Geleijns, PhD Professor of Breast Imaging, University of Dundee, Medical Physicist, Radiology Department, Leiden Hon Consultant Radiologist, NHS Tayside, University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK Robert N. Gibson, MBBS, MD, FRANZCR, DDU Professor, Department of Radiology, Royal Melbourne Rossella Fattori, MD Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Professor of Radiology; Director, Invasive Cardiology, Emergency Department, San Salvatore Hospital, Jonathan H. Gillard, BSc, MA, MD, FRCP, FRCR, MBA Pesaro, Italy Professor of Neuroradiology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK † The editors were saddened to hear of the death of this outstanding author since submission of the typescript of this chapter.

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