Grainger & Allisons Diagnostic Radiology V.2

1258 Pages·2016·156.56 MB·English

by  Adam A.

GRAINGER & ALLISON’S
DIAGNOSTIC
RADIOLOGY
A Textbook of Medical Imaging
Executive Content Strategist: Michael Houston
Content Development Specialist: Martin Mellor Publishing Services Ltd
Project Manager: Andrew Riley
Design: Ellen Zanolle
Illustration Manager: Jennifer Rose
Illustrator: Antbits, Ltd.
Marketing Manager: Veronica Short
GRAINGER &
ALLISON’S
DIAGNOSTIC
RADIOLOGY
6TH EDITION
A Textbook of Medical Imaging
Volume 1
EDITED BY
Andreas Adam, CBE, MB, BS(Hons), PhD, FRCP, FRCR, FRCS,
FFRRCSI(Hon), FRANZCR(Hon), FACR(Hon), FMedSci
Adrian K. Dixon, MD, MD(Hon caus), FRCP, FRCR, FRCS,
FFRRCSI(Hon), FRANZCR(Hon), FACR(Hon), FMedSci
Jonathan H. Gillard, BSc, MA, MD, FRCP, FRCR, MBA
Cornelia M. Schaefer-Prokop, MD, PhD
For additional online content visit expertconsult.com
Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto
CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE an imprint of Elsevier Limited
© 2015, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved.
First edition 1986
Second edition 1991
Third edition 1997
Fourth edition 2001
Fifth edition 2008
The right of Andreas Adam, Adrian K. Dixon, Jonathan H. Gillard and Cornelia M. Schaefer-Prokop to
be identified as editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further
information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as
the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the
most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each
product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of
administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own
experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best
treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-7020-4295-9
e-book ISBN: 978-0-7020-6128-8
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
This sixth edition of the landmark Grainger and Allison American communities should find it helpful when pre-
textbook ‘Diagnostic Radiology’ is truly a cooperative paring for their board examinations. It should also serve
venture. Two new active Lead Editors (Jonathan Gillard as a useful reference text for most radiological depart-
and Cornelia Schaefer-Prokop) have joined Andy Adam ments. We hope it will remain as a ready source of refer-
and Adrian Dixon. They bring with them considerable ence material for most radiological queries—even in the
expertise in neuroradiology and chest radiology, respec- days of the internet. The support given to the editors and
tively. Another new feature is the introduction of very authors by the team at Elsevier has been exemplary.
energetic Section Editors, Michael Maher (abdomen), Michael Houston has now wholeheartedly supported this
Cathy Owens (paediatrics), Phil O’Connor and Andrew project for several decades. Martin Mellor has been the
Grainger (musculoskeletal), Rolf Jäger (neuroradiology), lynchpin in keeping authors (and editors!) up to the mark.
Vicky Goh (oncology), and Anna-Maria Belli and Michael Andrew Riley has been instrumental in the closing stages
Lee (intervention). The expectation is that these section of typesetting and proofreading. Thank you gentlemen:
editors will subsequently develop small niche spin-off we could not have done it without you! Nor could we
educational/teaching books based on this material, but have done it without the continued support of the cast of
expanded in their chosen sub-specialties, in exactly the over 190 authors from around the world who have gener-
same way that Nyree Griffin and Lee Grant have done ously given of their time and expertise to this ‘living’
(2013) for the main textbook. textbook, not only those who have helped in this edition
We hope that this new edition of this book will help but also those who have contributed to previous editions.
to maintain its role as the leading general textbook for Again we are very grateful.
those pursuing radiological training in the UK, mainland
Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and New Zealand; Andreas Adam,
certainly it has been written very much with qualifying Adrian K. Dixon,
examinations in those countries in mind (FRCR, FFRCSI, Jonathan H. Gillard,
EDiR, FRANZCR, DNB, etc.). Radiologists in the Cornelia M. Schaefer-Prokop
ix
List of Section Editors
Andreas Adam, CBE, MB, BS(Hons), PhD, FRCP, H. Rolf Jäger, MD, FRCR
FRCR, FRCS, FFRRCSI(Hon), FRANZCR(Hon), Reader in Neuroradiology, Department of Brain Repair
FACR(Hon), FMedSci and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology,
Professor of Interventional Radiology, King’s College UCL Faculty of Brain Sciences; Consultant
London, London, UK (Section G: Oncological Neuroradiologist, Lysholm Department of
imaging; Section I: Interventional radiology) Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology
and Neurosurgery, and Department of Imaging,
Anna-Maria Belli, FRCR, EBIR University College London Hospitals, London, UK
Professor of Interventional Radiology; Consultant (Section E: The spine; Section F: Neuroimaging)
Radiologist, Radiology Department, St George’s
Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK (Section I: Michael J. Lee, MSc, FRCPI, FRCR, FFR (RCSI),
Interventional radiology) FSIR, EBIR
Professor of Radiology, Royal College of Surgeons in
Adrian K. Dixon, MD, MD(Hon caus), FRCP, Ireland; Consultant Interventional Radiologist,
FRCR, FRCS, FFRRCSI(Hon), FRANZCR(Hon), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (Section I:
FACR(Hon), FMedSci Interventional radiology)
Professor Emeritus of Radiology; Master, Peterhouse,
Cambridge, UK (Section A: Principles of imaging Michael M. Maher, MD, FRCSI, FRCR, FFR (RCSI)
techniques and general issues; Section B: The chest Professor of Radiology, University College Cork;
and cardiovascular system; Section C: Abdominal Consultant Radiologist, Cork University Hospital
imaging) and Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
(Section C: Abdominal imaging)
Jonathan H. Gillard, BSc, MA, MD, FRCP, FRCR, MBA
Professor of Neuroradiology, University of Cambridge, Philip O’Connor, MBBS, MRCP, FRCR, FFSEM(UK)
Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Section E: Musculoskeletal Radiologist, Clinical Radiology, Leeds
The spine; Section F: Neuroimaging; Section H: Teaching Hospitals Trust, The University of Leeds,
Paediatric imaging) West Yorkshire, UK (Section D: The musculoskeletal
system)
Vicky Goh, MA, MBBChir, MD, MRCP, FRCR
Chair of Clinical Cancer Imaging, Division of Imaging Catherine M. Owens, BSc, MBBS, MRCP, FRCR
Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College Consultant Radiologist and Honorary Reader,
London; Honorary Consultant Radiologist, Guy’s Department of Imaging, Great Ormond Street
and St Thomas’ Hospitals, London, UK (Section G: Hospital, London, UK (Section H: Paediatric
Oncological imaging) imaging)
Andrew J. Grainger, BM, BS, MRCP, FRCR Cornelia M. Schaefer-Prokop, MD, PhD
Consultant and Honorary Clinical Associate Professor, Professor of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre,
Musculoskeletal Radiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Amersfoort, The Netherlands (Section A: Principles
and Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research of imaging techniques and general issues; Section B:
Centre, Leeds, UK (Section D: The musculoskeletal The chest and cardiovascular system)
system)
x
List of Contributors
Andreas Adam, CBE, MB, BS(Hons), PhD, FRCP, Susan M. Ascher, MD
FRCR, FRCS, FFRRCSI(Hon), FRANZCR(Hon), Professor of Radiology, Georgetown University School
FACR(Hon), FMedSci of Medicine; Co-Director, Abdominal Imaging,
Professor of Interventional Radiology, King’s College Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC,
London, London, UK USA
E. Jane Adam, MB, BS(Hons), MRCP, FRCR Norbert Avril, MD
Consultant Radiologist, St George’s Healthcare NHS Professor and Research Scholar, Department of
Trust, London, UK Radiology, Case Western Reserve University,
University Hospitals Case Medical Center,
Judith E. Adams, MBBS, FRCR, FRCP, FBIR Cleveland, OH, USA
Professor of Clinical Radiology, Department of
Radiology and Manchester Academic Health Science Zelena A. Aziz, MRCP, FRCR, MD
Centre, The Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester Consultant Chest Radiologist, London Chest Hospital,
University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
Manchester, UK
Danielle Balériaux, MD
Omar Agosto, MD Professor Emeritus, Neuroradiology, Hôpital Erasme
Clinical Assistant Professor, Diagnostic Radiology, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
Temple University School of Medicine; Director of
Body MRI and Body CT, Diagnostic Radiology, Jelle O. Barentsz, MD, PhD
Jeanes Hospital and Northeastern Ambulatory Care Professor of Radiology, Department of Radiology,
Center-Temple University Healthcare System, Prostate MR Reference Center, Radboud University
Philadelphia, PA, USA Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
Farah Alobeidi, MA, MB BChir, MRCS, FRCR
Neuroradiology Fellow, Lysholm Department of Frederik Barkhof, MD, PhD
Neuroradiology, The National Hospital for Professor of Neuroradiology, Alzheimer Center and
Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK Department of Radiology, VU University Medical
Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Roberto Alonzi, BSc, MBBS, MRCP, FRCR, MD
Consultant in Clinical Oncology, Mount Vernon Sue J. Barter, MBBS, MRCP, DMRD, FRCR, FRCP
Cancer Centre, Northwood; Senior Lecturer, The Consultant Radiologist, Department of Radiology,
Cancer Institute, University College London, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation
London, UK Trust, Cambridge, UK
Allan C. Andi, BSc(Hons), MRCS(Ed), FRCR Timothy Beale, MBBS, FRCS, FRCR
Consultant Radiologist, The Hillingdon Hospitals Consultant Head and Neck Radiologist, University
NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK College Hospital, Royal National Throat Nose and
Ear Hospital, London, UK
Maria I. Argyropoulou, MD, PhD
Professor of Radiology, Department of Radiology, Philip W.P. Bearcroft, MA, MB, BChir, FRCR, FRCP
University of Ioannina, Greece Consultant Radiologist, Department of Radiology,
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation,
Owen Arthurs, MB, Bchir, PhD, FRCR Cambridge, UK
Consultant Paediatric Radiologist, Radiology,
Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK Catherine Beigelman-Aubry, MD
Priva Docent-Maitre d’enseignement et recherche,
Radiodiagnostic and Interventional Radiology,
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne,
Switzerland
xi
xii List of Contributors
Anna-Maria Belli, FRCR, EBIR W.K. ‘Kling’ Chong, BMedSci, MBChB, MD,
Professor of Interventional Radiology; Consultant MRCP, FRCR
Radiologist, Radiology Department, St George’s Specialty Lead for Radiology/Imaging; Consultant
Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK Paediatric Neuroradiologist, Department of
Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital,
Lol Berman, FRCP, FRCR London, UK
Lecturer and Honorary Consultant, University
Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Joo-Young Chun, MBBS, MSc, MRCS, FRCR
Cambridge, UK Consultant Interventional Radiologist, Royal London
Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
Sanjeev Bhalla, MD
Chief, Cardiothoracic Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute Richard H. Cohan, BA, MD, FACR
of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, Professor of Radiology, Department of Radiology,
St Louis, MO, USA University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor,
MI, USA
Joti Jonathan Bhattacharya, MBBS, MSc, FRCR
Consultant Neuroradiologist, Department of Susan J. Copley, MBBS, MD, FRCR, FRCP
Neuroradiology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Consultant Radiologist and Reader in Thoracic
Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK Imaging, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College
NHS Trust, London, UK
Jan Bogaert, MD, PhD
Professor of Medicine, Department of Radiology, David O. Cosgrove, MA, MSc, FRCP, FRCR
University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Emeritus Professor, Imaging Sciences, Imperial
Leuven, Leuven, Belgium College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
Joyce G.R. Bomers, MSc PhD Nigel C. Cowan, MA, MB, Bchir, FRCP, FRCR
Candidate, Department of Radiology, Radboud Consultant Radiologist, The Manor Hospital,
University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Oxford, UK
The Netherlands
Ahmed Daghir, MRCP, FRCR
David J. Bowden, MA, VetMB, MB, BChir, FRCR Clinical Fellow, Department of Radiology, Nuffield
Senior Registrar, University of Cambridge, Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Maria Daskalogiannaki, MD, PhD
David J. Breen, MRCP, FRCR Consultant Radiologist, Radiology, University Hospital
Consultant Abdominal Radiologist; Honorary of Iraklion, Iraklion, Greece
Senior Lecturer in Radiology, Department of
Radiology, Southampton University Hospitals, Chandra Dass, MBBS, DMRD
Southampton, UK Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Radiology,
Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Jackie Brown, BDS, MSc, FDSRCPS, DDRRCR
Consultant Dental and Maxillofacial Radiologist, Guy’s Indran Davangnanam, MB, BCh, BMedSci, FRCR
and St Thomas’ Hospitals Foundation Trust; Senior Consultant Neuroradiologist, National Hospital for
Lecturer at King’s College London Dental Institute Neurology and Neurosurgery, Lysholm Radiological
of Guy’s, King’s College and St Thomas’ Hospitals, Department; Radiology, Moorfields Eye Hospital;
London, UK Honorary Research Associate, The Brain Repair
and Rehabilitation Unit, Institute of Neurology,
Robert S.D. Campbell, MB, ChB, FRCR London, UK
Consultant Musculoskeletal Radiologist, Department of
Radiology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, A. Mark Davies, MBChB, DMRD, FRCR
Liverpool, UK Consultant Radiologist, MRI Centre, Royal
Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust,
Dina F. Caroline, MD, PhD Birmingham, UK
Professor of Radiology, Temple University Hospital,
Philadelphia, PA, USA Albert de Roos, MD
Professor of Radiology, Department of Radiology,
Jean-François Chateil, MD, PhD Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
Professor, CHU de Bordeaux, Service d’imagerie The Netherlands
anténatale, de l’enfant et de la femme; University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
List of Contributors xiii
†
Arthur M. De Schepper Sr., MD, PhD Kirsten Forbes, MB BChir, MD, MRCP, FRCR
Former Radiologist, Department of Radiology, Consultant Neuroradiologist, Department of
University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium Neuroradiology, Institute of Neurological Sciences,
Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
Sujal R. Desai, MD, MRCP, FRCR
Consultant Radiologist, King’s College Hospital, Tomás Franquet, MD
London, UK Chief Section of Thoracic Imaging, Department of
Radiology, Hospital de Sant Pau; Associate Professor
Adrian K. Dixon, MD, FRCP, FRCR, FRCS, of Radiology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,
FFRRCSI(Hon), FRANZCR(Hon), FACR(Hon), FMedSci Barcelona, Spain
Professor Emeritus of Radiology; Master, Peterhouse
College, Cambridge, UK Alan H. Freeman, MBBS, FRCR
Consultant Radiologist, Department of Radiology,
Veronica Donoghue, FRCR, FFRRCSI Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University
Consultant Paediatric Radiologist, Radiology Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
Department, Children’s University Hospital,
Dublin, Ireland Susan Freeman, MRCP, FRCR
Consultant Radiologist, Department of Radiology,
Andrew J. Dunn, MBChB, FRCR Cambridge University Hospitals NHS
Consultant Musculoskeletal Radiologist, Department of FoundationTrust, Cambridge, UK
Radiology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital,
Liverpool, UK Julia Frühwald-Pallamar, MD
Assistant Professor of Radiology, Medical University
Marina Easty, MBBS, BSc, MRCP, FRCR, of Vienna, Department of Biomedical Imaging
PGCert Nuc Med and Image-Guided Therapy, Subdivision of
Consultant Paediatric Radiologist, Radiology Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology,
Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Vienna, Austria
London, UK
Ferdia Gallagher, MA, PhD, MRCP, FRCR
Robert J. Eckersley, PhD Cancer Research UK Clinician Scientist Fellow,
Senior Lecturer, Division of Imaging Sciences, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute; Honorary
Biomedical Engineering Department, King’s College Consultant Radiologist, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK Cambridge, UK
Tarek El-Diasty, MD Massimo Gallucci, MD, PhD
Professor of Radiology, Radiology Department, Professor of Neuroradiology, Neuroradiology Service,
Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura San Salvatore University Hospital, L’Aquila, Italy
University, Mansoura, Egypt
Bhaskar Ganai, BSc(MedSci) Hons, MBChB, MRCS,
Mohamed Abou El-Ghar, MD FRCR, EBIR
Professor of Radiodiagnosis, Radiology Department, Lecturer in Interventional Radiology, Royal College of
Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Radiology,
University, Mansoura, Egypt Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Christoph Engelke, MD Pilar Garcia-Peña, MD, PhD
Geschäftsführender Oberarzt, Abteilung Diagnostische Paediatric Radiologist, Hospital Materno-Infantil,
Radiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Germany Barcelona, Spain
Andrew J. Evans, MRCP, FRCR Jacob Geleijns, PhD
Professor of Breast Imaging, University of Dundee, Medical Physicist, Radiology Department, Leiden
Hon Consultant Radiologist, NHS Tayside, University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Ninewells Hospital and Medical School,
Dundee, UK Robert N. Gibson, MBBS, MD, FRANZCR, DDU
Professor, Department of Radiology, Royal Melbourne
Rossella Fattori, MD Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Professor of Radiology; Director, Invasive Cardiology,
Emergency Department, San Salvatore Hospital, Jonathan H. Gillard, BSc, MA, MD, FRCP, FRCR, MBA
Pesaro, Italy Professor of Neuroradiology, University of Cambridge,
Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
†
The editors were saddened to hear of the death of this outstanding
author since submission of the typescript of this chapter.