GPR Remote Sensing in Archaeology

241 Pages·2013·15.42 MB·English

by  Dean Goodman

Geotechnologies and the Environment
Dean Goodman
Salvatore Piro
GPR Remote
Sensing in
Archaeology
GPR Remote Sensing in Archaeology
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8088
Geotechnologies and the Environment
VOLUME 9
SeriesEditors:
Jay D. Gatrell, College of Graduate and Professional Studiesand Depart-
mentof Earthand Environmental Systems, Indiana State University,
Terre Haute, IN, USA
Ryan R. Jensen, Department of Geography, Brigham Young University,
Provo, UT, USA
The “Geotechnologies and the Environment” series is intended to provide
specialists in the geotechnologies and academics who utilize these technologies,
with an opportunity to share novel approaches, present interesting (sometimes
counterintuitive)casestudies,andmostimportantlytosituateGIS,remotesensing,
GPS,theinternet,newtechnologies,andmethodologicaladvancesinarealworld
context.Indoingso,thebooksintheserieswillbeinherentlyappliedandreflectthe
richvarietyofresearchperformedbygeographersandalliedprofessionals.
Beyond the applied nature of many of the papers and individual contributions,
theseriesinterrogatesthedynamicrelationshipbetweennatureandsociety.Forthis
reason,manycontributorsfocusonhuman-environmentinteractions.Theseriesare
not limited to an interpretation of the environment as nature per se. Rather, the
series “places” people and social forces in context and thus explore the many
sociospatial environments humans construct for themselves as they settle the
landscape. Consequently, contributions will use geotechnologies to examine both
urbanandrurallandscapes.
Dean Goodman (cid:129) Salvatore Piro
GPR Remote Sensing
in Archaeology
DeanGoodman SalvatorePiro
GeophysicalArchaeometry NationalResearchCouncil
LaboratoryInc. InstituteofTechnologies,Applied
WoodlandHills, toCulturalHeritage
CA,USA Rome,Italy
ISBN978-3-642-31856-6 ISBN978-3-642-31857-3(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-31857-3
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Preface
Nowadays, it has been accepted that studies on cultural heritage made from just
archaeologicalexcavationoftencannotprovidesufficientandsatisfactoryinforma-
tion to determine the essential cultural and economic structures of the ancient
inhabitants of a region. These researches need to be integrated with data from
other disciplines to help thoroughly in delineating the history of the area
investigated.
In the last 20 years, various scientific disciplines have provided effective tools
foranintegratedapproachtotheknowledge,analysisandsafeguardoftheCultural
Heritage.Inparticular,geophysicalprospectingmethodsrepresentanentirerange
ofnon-invasive surveyingtechniques, includingdata processing andimage repre-
sentation of the different data sets collected from the surface, which can enhance
the knowledge of the investigated area.This book was written to appeal to
researchers employing the Ground Penetrating Radar method to study the charac-
terization and protection of archaeological and historical sites, contained in the
urbanterritoriesofbothmajorcitiesandsmallhistoricalcentres.
GPRRemoteSensinginArchaeologyintroducesGroundPenetratingRadarvia
understandingthecomplexityofthisgeophysicalmethodthroughasimulator.The
book continues with several chapters covering many of the signal and image
processes needed to take the raw recorded radargrams, and showing the steps to
create 3D data volumes that can be effectively used in the interpretation of
subsurface archaeology. Guidelines for generating useful depth slice maps from
randomGPStracksorfromregularlyspacedsurveysusinginterpolation,aswellas
specialized processing required for hi-density surveying using the latest multi-
channel GPR systems are presented. Imaging techniques such as overlay analysis
for placing important reflections through the depth record into comprehensive 2D
mapsaregivenextraattention.Thebookgivesexamplesofcasestudiesmadeata
variety of archaeological sites from around the world. Although the book is
designed primarily for readers interested in archaeological investigations, geo-
engineering and geotechnical practitioners may also benefit by incorporating
someoftheprocessingtechniquesoutlined.
v
vi Preface
Asdescribedinthisbook,GroundPenetratingRadar(GPR)techniqueisbring-
ing new powerful tools to help archaeologists and historians in their quest of
discovery and exploration. Even though this field is still in progress, the different
contributions in this book give us a glimpse of the things to come and the great
potentialofGPRinarchaeology.
DeanGoodmanandSalvatorePiro
Acknowledgements
Thefollowingorganizationsarerecognizedfortheircommitmenttoarchaeological
remote sensing and tireless supportduring many years of research: Nara National
CulturalPropertiesResearchInstitute(Japan);SaitobaruArchaeologicalMuseum,
Miyazaki Prefecture (Japan); Ehime University (Japan); Niigata University
(Japan); the town of Nakajima Machi and Nanao City, Ishikawa Prefecture
(Japan); Imperial Family Household – Dept of Archaeology (Japan); and the
OkinawanDepartmentofEducation(Japan);theMongolianAcademyofSciences,
Ulan Bator (Mongolia); US Forest Service, Pineville, Lousiana and Atlanta,
Georgia (USA); National Park Service Nebraska; University of Georgia Athens;
British School of Archaeology, at Rome (Italy); Seminole Tribe of Florida; Jena
Choctaw Tribe of Louisiana (USA); Archaeological Department of Birmingham
University (UK); Department of Archaeological Science, Sapienza University of
Rome(Italy),LaboratoryofAncientTopography,LecceUniversity(Italy);Labo-
ratory of Landscape Archaeology and Remote Sensing, Siena University (Italy);
Soprintendenza Archeologica per il Lazio (Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Italy);
Soprintendenza Archeologica Speciale di Roma (Ministry of Cultural Heritage,
Italy); and the Institute for Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage (ITABC-
CNR)(NationalResearchCouncilofItaly).
There were many people recognized for their individual efforts for helping in
many ways in this endeavour. Of special significance is the vision that Rinsaku
Yamamoto, mayor of Nakajima Machi, provided in creating an international
laboratorydedicatedtogeophysicalresearchinarchaeology.
Thispublicationalsorecognizesmanyotherindividualswhomadethispossible:
Yasushi Nishimura, Kent Schneider, Tokuo Yamamoto, Koji Tobita, Meishi
Karakawa, Hiromichi Hongo, Higashi Noriaki, Yasuyuki Murakami, Hosoguchi
Yoshinori, Steve Devore, Ervan Garrison, Velicia Bergstrom, John Ippolito,
Clementina Panella, Gilda Bartoloni, Andrea Carandini, Paolo Carafa, Eugenio
LaRocca,MariaGraziaFiore,AnnaMariaMoretti,AnnaMariaReggiani,Daniela
Zamuner,CristinaCapanna,LauraCerri,andDanieleVerrecchia.
vii
viii Acknowledgements
Deanwouldliketorecognizehismother,Rachel,anddedicatethisbooktohis
fatherLazarusGoodmanwhosesupporttocontinueineducationwasanimportant
roadmap.
.
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 AuthorsandPrologue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 UnderstandingGPRviaaSimulator. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
2.1 EarthModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Reflection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Refraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.5 Attenuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.6 AntennaBeam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.7 AntennaPulse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.8 Raypaths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 BasicGPRSignalProcessing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1 PostProcessingGain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 BandpassFiltering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.1 NotchFilters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.2 LowFrequencyGPRandBandpassFiltering. . . . . . . . . 42
3.3 SpectralWhitening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.4 BackgroundRemoval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.5 Migration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.6 HilbertTransform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.7 Deconvolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.8 Resampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.9 Smoothing/Stacking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
ix