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“These respected Arctic scholars provide valuable insights into the complexity of the timely and important subject of Arctic governance, providing thoughtful discussions of the political, economic, legal, and cultural dimensions of governance at local, subnational, national, and regional levels.” – Elizabeth Riddell-Dixon, Professor Emerita, Western University, Canada “Governing Complexity in the Arctic Region is a must-read for anyone interested in Arctic issues. It gives the reader an excellent introduction to how different actors have shaped the ‘new’ Arctic agenda.” – Dr. Svein Vigeland Rottem, Senior Research Fellow, Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway “As a scholar who has written extensively on the process of providing a framework for governance in the northern circumpolar region, I find that their recent under- taking offers a useful consideration of the issues and problems involved. They are knowledgeable of the Arctic region and its present needs. Their work gets at the heart of the challenges and opportunities that confront those who engage in diplomacy and paradiplomacy within the circumpolar arena.” – Douglas C. Nord, Professor, Umeå University, Sweden Governing Complexity in the Arctic Region This book examines emerging forms of governance in the Arctic region, exploring how different types of state and non-state actors promote and support rules and standards. The authors argue that confining our understandings of Arctic governance to Arctic states and a focus on the Arctic Council as the primary site of circumpolar governance provides an incomplete picture. Instead, they embrace the complexity of governance in the Arctic by systematically analyzing and comparing the position, interventions, and influence of different actor groups seeking to shape Arctic political and economic outcomes in multiple sites of Arctic politics, both formal and informal. This book assesses the potential that sub-national governments, corporations, civil society organizations, Indigenous peoples, and non-Arctic states possess to develop norms and standards to ensure a stable, rule-based Arctic region. It will be of interest to all scholars and students working in the fields of Arctic Sovereignty, Security Studies, Global Governance, and International Political Economy. Mathieu Landriault is the director of the Observatoire de la Politique et la Sécurité de L’Arctique (OPSA), based in Montreal. Andrew Chater is an assistant professor (limited term) at Brescia University College. Elana Wilson Rowe is Research Professor at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). P. Whitney Lackenbauer is Canada Research Chair (Tier 1) in the Study of the Canadian North at Trent University. The International Political Economy of New Regionalisms Series Series Editor: Timothy M. Shaw The International Political Economy of New Regionalisms Series presents innovative analyses of a range of novel regional relations and institutions. Going beyond established, formal, interstate economic organizations, this essential series provides informed interdisciplinary and international research and debate about myriad heterogeneous intermediate-level interactions. Reflective of its cosmopolitan and creative orientation, this series is developed by an international editorial team of established and emerging scholars in both the South and North. It reinforces ongoing networks of analysts in both academia and think-tanks as well as international agencies concerned with micro-, meso- and macro-level regionalisms. Structural Change in Africa Misperceptions, New Narratives and Development in the 21st Century Carlos Lopes and George Kararach Multipolarization, South-South Cooperation, and the Rise of Post-Hegemonic Governance Efe Can Gürcan Inclusive Trade in Africa The African Continental Free Trade Area in Comparative Perspective Edited by David Luke and Jamie MacLeod The Political Economy of New Regionalisms in the Pacific Rim Edited by José Briceño Ruiz and Philippe De Lombaerde Governing Complexity in the Arctic Region Mathieu Landriault, Andrew Chater, Elana Wilson Rowe and P. Whitney Lackenbauer For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ ASHSER-1146 Governing Complexity in the Arctic Region Mathieu Landriault, Andrew Chater, Elana Wilson Rowe and P. Whitney Lackenbauer First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 selection and editorial matter, Mathieu Landriault, Andrew Chater, Elana Wilson Rowe and P. Whitney Lackenbauer; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Mathieu Landriault, Andrew Chater, Elana Wilson Rowe and P. Whitney Lackenbauer to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-0-367-28077-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-29955-1 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of figures viii List of tables ix About the authors x Acknowledgments xi List of acronyms xii Introduction 1 1 Arctic states and regional governance 11 2 Regional governance of Arctic Ocean: the Arctic 5 (A5) and the Arctic 5+5 27 3 From international to regional: sub-national units in Arctic governance 42 4 Civil society in Arctic governance: Indigenous peoples’ organizations, observers, and Arctic residents 63 5 Private sector actors and Arctic governance 84 Conclusion: governing complexity in the Arctic: past, present, future 103 Appendices 110 Index 132 Figures 2.1 Maritime Boundaries under UNCLOS 29 4.1 Arctic Council Working Groups 74 Tables 1.1 ACA chairs, moderators, and speakers by home country during the 2013 and 2018 editions. 19 1.2 Provenances of ACA chairs, moderators, and speakers during the 2013 and 2018 editions. 19 3.1 Type of political system in Arctic states. 44 3.2 List of Northern Forum priority projects (2015–2018) 47 3.3 List of projects under the framework of the BEAR co-operation since 2014. 51 4.1 List of Arctic Council observers per types of actor. 73 4.2 Project sponsorship in the Arctic Council for 2017. 75 5.1 Top 3 value-added sources by industry, by % of gross regional product, in 2015. 86