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GNSS Positioning in Multi-Constellation Scenarios Aerospace Engineering PDF

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Preview GNSS Positioning in Multi-Constellation Scenarios Aerospace Engineering

GNSS Positioning in Multi-Constellation Scenarios Rita Vallejo dos Santos Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in Aerospace Engineering Supervisors: Prof. José Eduardo Charters Ribeiro da Cunha Sanguino and Prof. António José Castelo Branco Rodrigues Examination Committee Chairperson: Prof. João Manuel Lage de Miranda Lemos Supervisor: Prof. José Eduardo Charters Ribeiro da Cunha Sanguino Member of the Committee: Prof. Francisco António Bucho Cercas November 2014 ii Dedicatedtomygrandfather. iii iv Resumo Um sistema global de navegac¸a˜o por sate´lite, GNSS, pode ser definido como um sistema capaz de proporcionaroposicionamentoan´ıvelglobalusandoumaconstelac¸a˜odesate´lites. ONorte-Americano GPS,oRussoGLONASSeoEuropeuGalileosa˜oalgunsexemplos. Estessistemaspodemsercombinados,resultandoumaumentodonu´merodesate´litesvis´ıveis,mel- horando a geometria por eles constitu´ıda e, por conseguinte, sa˜o obtidas estimativas de posic¸a˜o mais precisas. Dadaadependeˆnciadomundopeloposicionamentousandosistemasglobaisdenavegac¸a˜o por sate´lite, estas melhorias permitem superar as limitac¸o˜es de cada sistema, sendo de todo o inter- esse. Mesmotendobastantessimilaridades,cadasistemadefineoseupro´priosistemadecoordenadas, escala de tempo e algoritmo para o ca´lculo da posic¸a˜o do sate´lite, na˜o sendo por isso completamente compat´ıveisentresi. Oprimeiropassonacombinac¸a˜oe´ resolverosproblemasdeinteroperabilidade. Uma vez que o Galileo na˜o esta´ totalmente operacional, a combinac¸a˜o e´ poss´ıvel simulando a constelac¸a˜oeasposic¸o˜esdosate´liteconsiderandoosegmentoespacialprevisto. Este trabalho enfatiza as diferenc¸as entre os principais sistemas globais de navegac¸a˜o por sate´lite e explica como a combinac¸a˜o destes e´ poss´ıvel. As melhorias de desempenho em cena´rios de multi- constelac¸a˜o sa˜o apresentadas em termos de disponibilidade, qualidade da geometria dos sate´lites e, exactida˜o e precisa˜o. Mais especificamente, sa˜o apresentados os ganhos me´dios da combinac¸a˜o inovadoraGPS+GLONASS+GalileorelativamenteaGPS+GLONASS,eamboscomcadasistema sozinho. Palavras-chave: GPS,GLONASS,Galileo,Multi-constelac¸a˜o; v vi Abstract A Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS, can be defined as a system capable of providing the positioning with global coverage by means of a satellite constellation. The United States’ GPS, the Russian’sGLONASSandtheEuropean’sGalileoaresomeexamples. These systems can be combined, resulting in an increase on the number of visible satellites which provides better satellite geometry and consequently more precise and accurate position estimates. Given the dependence of the world in global navigation satellite systems, the improvements allow to overcomethelimitationsofeachsystem,beingofsignificantinterest. Evenwithmanysimilarities,eachsystemdefinesitsowntime-scale,coordinatesystemandhowthe satellite position can be determined and therefore, they are not entirely compatible to each other. The firststeponthecombinationprocessistosolvetheinteroperabilityproblems. SinceGalileoisnotfullyoperational,itsconstellationandsatellitepositioncanbesimulatedconsid- eringtheenvisionedspacesegmentallowingitscombinationwithothersystems. This work emphasizes the differences of the main global navigation satellite systems and explains how their combination is possible. The performance improvements in multi-constellation scenarios are presentedintermsofavailability,qualityofsatellitegeometryand,accuracyandprecision. Specifically, theaveragegainsoftheinnovativecombinedGPS+GLONASS+Galileopositioningsolutioninrelation tothecombinedGPS+GLONASS areperformed,andbothinrelationtoeachsystemalone. Keywords: GPS,GLONASS,Galileo,Multi-constellation; vii viii Contents Resumo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii ListofTables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv ListofFigures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 State-of-the-art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 ObjectivesandStructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 GlobalNavigationSatelliteSystems 5 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 HistoryandDevelopments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3 SatelliteConstellationStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.4 GNSSobservables: Pseudorange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.5 SatellitePositioningErrorSources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.6 CombiningMultipleGNSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 TimeSystems 10 3.1 GPStime-scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2 GLONASStime-scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.3 Galileotime-scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.4 GPSandGalileoTime-scalestoUTCConversionAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.5 Combiningtime-scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.6 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4 CoordinateSystems 14 4.1 WGS-84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.2 PZ-90.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.3 GTRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.4 CombiningGPSandGLONASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ix 5 SatelliteClockandOrbitDetermination 20 5.1 SatelliteClockOffset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5.1.1 GPSClockoffset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5.1.2 GLONASSClockoffset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5.1.3 GalileoClockoffset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5.2 SatelliteOrbitDetermination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5.2.1 GPSOrbitdetermination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5.2.2 GLONASSOrbitdetermination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.2.3 GalileoOrbitdetermination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 6 PositionEstimation 31 6.1 EstimationAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.2 PositionEstimationwithPseudoranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 6.3 IonosphericCorrection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 6.3.1 SingleFrequencyIonosphericCorrection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 6.3.2 DualFrequencyIonosphericCorrection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 6.4 TroposphericCorrection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 6.5 SagnacEffect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 6.6 DilutionofPrecision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7 ReceiverandResearch 41 7.1 Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 7.2 ATOMMessages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 7.2.1 CyclicRedundancyCheck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 7.2.2 DataFieldConventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 7.2.3 ATOMGroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 8 GalileoSimulation 49 8.1 OrbitalParameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 8.2 OrbitSimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 8.3 PseudorangeSimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 9 Results 60 9.1 SolutionAvailability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 9.2 PDOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 9.3 HDOP,VDOPandErrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 10 Conclusions 75 10.1 AchievementsandFutureWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Bibliography 78 x

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Abstract. A Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS, can be defined as a system capable of providing the positioning with global coverage by means
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