Glyphosate Resistance in Crops and Weeds: History, Development, and Management

328 Pages·2010·10.12 MB·English

GLYPHOSATE
RESISTANCE IN
CROPS AND WEEDS
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GLYPHOSATE
RESISTANCE IN
CROPS AND WEEDS
History, Development,
and Management
Edited by
VIJAY K. NANDULA
Mississippi State University
Stoneville, MS
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
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Copyright © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Glyphosate resistance in crops and weeds: history, development, and management / edited by
Vijay K. Nandula.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-470-41031-8(cloth)
1. Glyphosate. 2. Herbicide resistance. 3. Herbicide-resistant crops. 4. Plants–Effect of
herbicides on. I. Nandula, Vijay K.
SB952.G58G59 2010
632′.954–dc22
2009054245
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Dr. Stephen O. Duke for his inspiration and mentoring
and
my wife Aparna, daughter Indu, and son Ajay for their love, support,
and understanding.
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CONTENTS
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
Contributors xv
1 Glyphosate: Discovery, Development, Applications,
and Properties 1
Gerald M. Dill, R. Douglas Sammons, Paul C. C. Feng, Frank Kohn,
Keith Kretzmer, Akbar Mehrsheikh, Marion Bleeke, Joy L. Honegger,
Donna Farmer, Dan Wright, and Eric A. Haupfear
2 Herbicide Resistance: Defi nitions and Concepts 35
Vijay K. Nandula
3 Glyphosate-Resistant Crops: Developing
the Next Generation Products 45
Paul C. C. Feng, Claire A. CaJacob, Susan J. Martino-Catt, R. Eric Cerny,
Greg A. Elmore, Gregory R. Heck, Jintai Huang, Warren M. Kruger,
Marianne Malven, John A. Miklos, and Stephen R. Padgette
4 Transitioning From Single to Multiple Herbicide-Resistant Crops 67
Jerry M. Green and Linda A. Castle
5 Testing Methods for Glyphosate Resistance 93
Dale L. Shaner
vii
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viii CONTENTS
6 Biochemical Mechanisms and Molecular Basis of
Evolved Glyphosate Resistance in Weed Species 119
Alejandro Perez-Jones and Carol Mallory-Smith
7 Glyphosate Resistance: Genetic Basis in Weeds 141
Michael J. Christoffers and Aruna V. Varanasi
8 Genomics of Glyphosate Resistance 149
C. Neal Stewart, Jr., Yanhui Peng, Laura G. Abercrombie,
Matthew D. Halfhill, Murali R. Rao, Priya Ranjan, Jun Hu,
R. Douglas Sammons, Gregory R. Heck, Patrick J. Tranel,
and Joshua S. Yuan
9 Glyphosate-Resistant Crop Production Systems: Impact
on Weed Species Shifts 165
Krishna N. Reddy and Jason K. Norsworthy
10 Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed in the United States 185
Lawrence E. Steckel, Christopher L. Main, and Thomas C. Mueller
11 Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth In the United States 195
A. Stanley Culpepper, Theodore M. Webster, Lynn M. Sosnoskie, and
Alan C. York
12 Managing Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds and Population Shifts
in Midwestern U.S. Cropping Systems 213
Stephen C. Weller, Micheal D. K. Owen, and William G. Johnson
13 Glyphosate-Resistant Rigid Ryegrass in Australia 233
Christopher Preston
14 Glyphosate Resistance in Latin America 249
Bernal E. Valverde
15 Strategies for Managing Glyphosate Resistance—
An Extension Perspective 281
Ken Smith
16 Economic Impact of Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds 297
Janet E. Carpenter and Leonard P. Gianessi
Index 313
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PREFACE
Since the discovery of its herbicidal properties in 1970 and commercialization
in 1974, glyphosate has been used extensively in both croplands and non-
croplands. Because of its lack of selectivity, glyphosate use was initially limited
to preplant, postdirected, and postharvest applications for weed control.
With the introduction of glyphosate - resistant (GR) crops in the mid - 1990s,
glyphosate is now widely used for weed control in GR crops without concern
for crop injury. GR crops are currently grown in several countries, with
particularly strong adoption in the United States, Canada, Argentina, and
Brazil. The widespread adoption of GR crops has not only caused weed species
shifts in these crops, but it has also resulted in evolution of GR weed biotypes.
GR weed populations threaten the sustainability of glyphosate and GR crop
technology, thereby jeopardizing derived benefi ts such as reduced fuel costs
and improved soil conservation. To date, 18 weed species have evolved resis-
tance to glyphosate worldwide. This number will most likely increase rapidly
in the next few years due to increased selection pressure from glyphosate,
better monitoring and detection methods, and better awareness of the problem
of glyphosate resistance.
Exciting new technologies such as new generation of GR crops and multiple
herbicide - resistant (HR) (including glyphosate resistance) crops are in
development or approaching commercialization in the next few years, which
will help manage GR weeds and reduce their spread. Modern research
techniques such as weed genomics are being employed to study GR weed
resistance mechanisms, fi tness issues, biology, and ecology. Additional avenues
of research being pursued are gene fl ow, population genetics, multiple resis-
tance, modeling, GR weeds as alternative hosts for other pests, and effects on
human and animal health, as well as the impact on conservation tillage. GR
ix
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x PREFACE
crop technology has revolutionized crop production in the developed world,
and the benefi ts are gradually spilling over to the developing world.
The vast body of complex information being generated on glyphosate
resistance, one of the pressing issues faced by growers and land managers,
makes it hard to keep current with the topic. To sustain an effective, environ-
mentally safe herbicide such as glyphosate and the GR crop technology well
into the future, it is imperative that the issue of GR weeds is comprehensively
understood. To this end, an up - to - date source of information on glyphosate
resistance is essential for researchers, extension workers, land managers,
government personnel, and other decision makers, so the bottom line of
growers, and conservation and diversity programs is increased. I earnestly
hope that this book will fi ll this niche.
The book is divided into 16 chapters. Chapter 1 provides an overview of
more recent research on the use of the herbicide glyphosate and its environ-
mental, toxicological, and physical aspects. Herbicide resistance is defi ned in
Chapter 2 and several aspects related to it are introduced. Chapter 3 reviews
the processes involved in the commercialization of currently grown GR crops
as well as the next generation of GR and HR crops, including multiple HR
traits.
Chapter 4 is a comprehensive review of GR crop development events as
well as multiple HR crops that are currently approaching commercialization.
Chapter 5 provides an overview of the biochemical, biological, molecular, and
physiological procedures used in laboratory, greenhouse, and fi eld research
with glyphosate resistance in plants. Chapter 6 summarizes the current knowl-
edge of biochemical mechanisms of evolved glyphosate resistance in weeds
and the molecular basis behind it.
Chapter 7 examines the genetics and inheritance of the mechanisms of
glyphosate resistance. A genomic approach is taken in Chapter 8 , in order to
gain a better understanding of the mechanisms and evolution of glyphosate
resistance in weeds using GR horseweed, the fi rst broad - leaved weed that has
evolved to be resistant to glyphosate, as a model.
Chapter 9 summarizes the effect of GR corn, cotton, and soybean cropping
systems on weed species shifts as well as late - season weed problems in the
United States. Chapter 10 describes the history of herbicide resistance, evolu-
tion of glyphosate resistance, biology and ecology, and glyphosate resistance
management in horseweed. Chapter 11 describes the unprecedented nature
and magnitude of diffi culty in managing GR Palmer amaranth populations. In
Chapter 12 , the current situation regarding GR cropping systems and weed
management issues in midwestern United States is discussed.
Chapter 13 examines the development and management of GR rigid
ryegrass from Australia, the fi rst weed to evolve resistance to glyphosate. Latin
America is covered in Chapter 14 , which comprehensively reviews the history
and current status of glyphosate resistance in weed populations there.
Chapter 15 provides insights from an extension perspective on the manage-
ment of glyphosate weeds, and Chapter 16 presents an analysis of the effects
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PREFACE xi
of GR weeds on management costs. There is some overlap in the content
presented among chapters, given the nature of the subject matter.
This book is expected to be useful to students, researchers, regulators, indus-
try, and anyone interested in learning about glyphosate resistance around the
world.
Mississippi State University V ijay K. N andula
Stoneville, MS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank Mr. Jonathan Rose, editor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., for recog-
nizing the need for this project and providing constant support and encourage-
ment. I am deeply indebted to all contributing authors who have come together
with the common goal of sharing historic and current information on this
important subject of glyphosate resistance. I sincerely express my gratitude to
all reviewers who have agreed to review and provide their input toward
improving the content of the book in a very timely and effi cient manner.
xiii
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