Global Urban Monitoring and Assessment through Earth Observation

409 Pages·2014·40.248 MB·English

by  Qihao Weng

Environmental Science
“… covers a wide theme on global urban remote sensing … new
insights into the gaps, needs, and trends in urban remote sensing at the
global level. … an excellent reference book for students, researchers,
and professors in the remote sensing, urban studies, and relevant
fields, and for professionals and decision-makers in the government,
industry, and commercial sectors. It will also be suitable as a textbook
for undergraduate and graduate students who are interested in remote
sensing, urban, environment, and global change.”
—Dr. Peijun Li, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University,
China
• Explores innovative methods and techniques in support
of effective urban remote sensing and sustainable urban
development
• Examines major research efforts in the world on global urban
monitoring, assessing, modeling, and prediction
• Provides a comprehensive review on the current state of global
urban remote sensing
• Introduces GEO’s Global Urban Observation and Information
Task 2012–2015 work plan
Expert Insight on the Current State of Global Urban Monitoring
Edited by a well-known expert in the field of remote sensing, GIS,
and other geospatial technologies, Global Urban Monitoring and
Assessment through Earth Observation draws on the expertise of
pioneers in the field from across the globe. The book addresses the
gaps in an effective and long-term manner, highlighting the importance
of increased coordination and networking among major stakeholders
and of working together with other key international mechanisms.
The chapters detail emerging research in the theory, methods, and
techniques that provide insights into how to solve the major issues of
sustainable development—one of the most important issues facing
society in the future.
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Global Urban
Monitoring and
Assessment
through Earth
Observation
Taylor & Francis Series in
Remote Sensing Applications
Series Editor
Qihao Weng
Indiana State University
Terre Haute, Indiana, U.S.A.
Global Urban Monitoring and Assessment through Earth Observation,
edited by Qihao Weng
Remote Sensing of Natural Resources, edited by Guangxing Wang and Qihao Weng
Remote Sensing of Land Use and Land Cover: Principles and Applications,
Chandra P. Giri
Remote Sensing of Protected Lands, edited by Yeqiao Wang
Advances in Environmental Remote Sensing: Sensors, Algorithms, and
Applications, edited by Qihao Weng
Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments, edited by Qihao Weng
Remote Sensing of Global Croplands for Food Security,
edited by Prasad S. Thenkabail, John G. Lyon, Hugh Turral, and Chandashekhar M. Biradar
Global Mapping of Human Settlement: Experiences, Data Sets, and Prospects,
edited by Paolo Gamba and Martin Herold
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications, Marcus Borengasser,
William S. Hungate, and Russell Watkins
Remote Sensing of Impervious Surfaces, edited by Qihao Weng
Multispectral Image Analysis Using the Object-Oriented Paradigm, Kumar Navulur
Taylor & Francis Series in Remote Sensing Applications
Qihao Weng, Series Editor
Global Urban
Monitoring and
Assessment
through Earth
Observation
Edited by
Qihao Weng
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Contents
Foreword ...................................................................................................................ix
Editor .....................................................................................................................xiii
Contributors .............................................................................................................xv
MATLAB® Statement .............................................................................................xxi
Chapter 1 What Is Special about Global Urban Remote Sensing? .......................1
Qihao Weng
SECTION I Global Urban Observation: Needs
and Requirements
Chapter 2 Global Urban Observation and Information: GEO’s Effort to
Address the Impacts of Human Settlements ......................................15
Qihao Weng, Thomas Esch, Paolo Gamba, Dale Quattrochi,
and George Xian
Chapter 3 EO Data Processing and Interpretation for Human Settlement
Characterization: A Really Global Challenge ....................................35
Paolo Gamba, Gianni Lisini, Gianni Cristian Iannelli,
Inmaculada Dopido, and Antonio Plaza
Chapter 4 Urban Observing Sensors ...................................................................49
Qihao Weng, Paolo Gamba, Giorgos Mountrakis, Martino Pesaresi,
Linlin Lu, Thomas Kemper, Johannes Heinzel, George Xian,
Huiran Jin, Hiroyuki Miyazaki, Bing Xu, Salman Quresh,
Iphigenia Keramitsoglou, Yifang Ban, Thomas Esch, Achim Roth,
and Christopher D. Elvidge
SECTION II Global Urban Footprint: Data Sets
and Products
Chapter 5 Mapping Global Human Settlements Pattern Using SAR
Data Acquired by the TanDEM-X Mission ........................................83
Thomas Esch, Mattia Marconcini, Andreas Felbier,
Achim Roth, and Hannes Taubenböck
v
vi Contents
Chapter 6 National Trends in Satellite-Observed Lighting: 1992–2012 .............97
Christopher D. Elvidge, Feng-Chi Hsu, Kimberly E. Baugh,
and Tilottama Ghosh
Chapter 7 Development of a Global Built-Up Area Map Using ASTER
Satellite Images and Existing GIS Data ...........................................121
Hiroyuki Miyazaki, Xiaowei Shao, Koki Iwao,
and Ryosuke Shibasaki
Chapter 8 Building of a Global Human Settlement Layer from Fine-Scale
Remotely Sensed Data ......................................................................143
Martino Pesaresi, Vasileios Syrris, Daniele Ehrlich,
Matina Halkia, Thomas Kemper, and Pierre Soille
SECTION III U rban Observation, Monitoring,
Forecasting, and Assessment Initiatives
Chapter 9 Spatial Dynamics and Patterns of Urbanization: The Example
of Chinese Megacities Using Multitemporal EO Data .....................171
Hannes Taubenböck, Thomas Esch, Michael Wiesner,
Andreas Felbier, Mattia Marconcini, Achim Roth, and Stefan Dech
Chapter 10 Mapping and Monitoring of Refugees and Internally Displaced
People Using EO Data ......................................................................195
Thomas Kemper and Johannes Heinzel
Chapter 11 Assessment of Fine-Scale Built-Up Area Mapping in China ..........217
Linlin Lu, Huadong Guo, Martino Pesaresi, Daniele Ehrlich,
and Stefano Ferri
Chapter 12 Climatological and Geographical Impacts on the Global
Pandemic of Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 ............................................233
Bing Xu, Zhenyu Jin, Zhiben Jiang, Jianping Guo,
Michael Timberlake, and Xiulian Ma
Chapter 13 Investigations of the Diurnal Thermal Behavior of Athens,
Greece, by Statistical Downscaling of Land Surface
Temperature Images and Pattern Analysis .......................................249
Iphigenia Keramitsoglou
Contents vii
SECTION IV Innovative Concepts and Techniques
in Urban Remote Sensing
Chapter 14 Integrated Urban Sensing in the Twenty-First Century ...................269
Günther Sagl and Thomas Blaschke
Chapter 15 Object-Based Image Analysis for Urban Studies .............................287
Vivek Dey, Bahram Salehi, Yun Zhang, and Ming Zhong
Chapter 16 Defining Robustness Measures for OBIA Framework: A Case
Study for Detecting Informal Settlements .......................................303
Peter Hofmann
Chapter 17 Automated Techniques for Change Detection Using Combined
Edge Segment Texture Analysis, GIS, and 3D Information ............325
Manfred Ehlers, Natalia Sofina, Yevgeniya Filippovska,
and Martin Kada
Chapter 18 Fusion of SAR and Optical Data for Urban Land Cover
Mapping and Change Detection .......................................................353
Yifang Ban, Osama Yousif, and Hongtao Hu

Foreword: GEO—A Globally
Integrated Approach to
Urban Monitoring
Recognizing the growing need for improved Earth observations, 150 govern-
ments and leading international organizations have established the Group on Earth
Observations (GEO) to collaborate and implement a Global Earth Observation
System of Systems (GEOSS). Countries and organizations are sparing data from
their respective Earth monitoring systems, including satellites in space and in situ
instruments from terrestrial, oceanic, and atmospheric domains. They are interlink-
ing these systems so that, together, they provide a more complete picture of Earth
systems dynamics.
Universities, space agencies, and other partners are working together in the Global
Urban Observation and Information Task (SB-04 of GEO), under the leadership of
Professor Weng, to expand the use of Earth observations and remotely sensed data
to provide information on urban environment characteristics and their change over
time at various spatial scales. They are evaluating user needs and matching them
with existing or planned technologies and data sets, and they are working with others
in the GEO community to provide full and open access to data and services in order
to expand and consolidate the network of researchers, stakeholders, and practitioners
who are working for a more sustainable future in urban areas.
In fact, cities and densely populated areas are where the impact of human activi-
ties and the effects of natural forcing factors (including global climate change vari-
ability) are most directly felt by society. With half of the world’s population living
in cities today, urban observation and modeling is a key issue not only for the GEO
but for resource managers and policy makers alike. Urban areas account for roughly
3% of the Earth’s surface but host half of the global population. According to the
2011 revision of the World Urbanization Prospects,* in Europe, the Americas, and
Oceania more than two-thirds of the population live in urban areas, whereas about
one-third of the population of Asia and Africa lives in urban areas. Nonetheless, the
most dramatic increase in urban population would be in these two latter continents.
In Africa, urban population will increase from 414 million to over 1.2 billion by
2050, while in Asia it will soar from 1.9 billion to 3.3 billion by 2050. This fast
and unprecedented dynamic is posing new challenges to governments, decision
makers, and stakeholders. New settlements and the dramatic expansion of urban
areas require feasible, affordable, and sustainable solutions for housing, energy,
* United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Urbanization
Prospects, the 2011 Revision.
ix