Global Refugee Crisis: A Reference Handbook

344 Pages·2010·1.46 MB·English

by  Mark Gibney

GLOBAL REFUGEE CRISIS
Selected Titles in ABC-CLIO’s
CONTEMPORARY
WORLD ISSUES
Series
AmericanFamiliesinCrisis,JeffreyS.Turner
AnimalRights,CliffordJ.Sherry
ClimateChange,DavidL.Downie,KateBrash,
andCatherineVaughan
CorporateCrime,RichardD.Hartley
DNATechnology,DavidE.Newton
DomesticViolence,MargiLairdMcCue
EducationinCrisis,JudithA.Gouwens
EnvironmentalJustice,DavidE.Newton
Gangs,KarenL.Kinnear
GayandLesbianRights,DavidE.Newton
GlobalOrganizedCrime,MitchelP.Roth
Globalization,JustinErvinandZacharyA.Smith
IdentityTheft,SandraK.HoffmanandTracyG.McGinley
LobbyinginAmerica,RonaldJ.HrebenarandBrysonB.Morgan
ModernSportsEthics,AngelaLumpkin
Obesity,JudithSternandAlexandraKazaks
RenewableandAlternativeEnergyResources,ZacharyA.Smith
andKatrinaD.Taylor
Same-SexMarriage,DavidE.Newton
Sentencing,DeanJohnChampion
SexualCrime,CarynE.Neumann
SexualHealth,DavidE.Newton
SubstanceAbuse,DavidE.Newton
U.S.BorderSecurity,JudithA.Warner
U.S.NationalSecurity,CynthiaA.Watson
U.S.TradeIssues,AlfredE.Eckes,Jr.
WasteManagement,JacquelineVaughn
Foracompletelistoftitlesinthisseries,pleasevisit
www.abc-clio.com.
BooksintheContemporaryWorldIssuesseriesaddressvital
issuesintoday’ssociety,suchasgeneticengineering,pollution,
andbiodiversity.Writtenbyprofessionalwriters,scholars,and
nonacademicexperts,thesebooksareauthoritative,clearly
written,up-to-date,andobjective.Theyprovideagoodstarting
pointforresearchbyhighschoolandcollegestudents,scholars,
andgeneralreadersaswellasbylegislators,businesspeople,
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Eachbook,carefullyorganizedandeasytouse,containsan
overviewofthesubject,adetailedchronology,biographical
sketches,factsanddataand/ordocumentsandotherprimary-
sourcematerial,adirectoryoforganizationsandagencies,
annotatedlistsofprintandnonprintresources,andanindex.
ReadersofbooksintheContemporaryWorldIssuesserieswill
findtheinformationtheyneedtohaveabetterunderstandingof
thesocial,political,environmental,andeconomicissuesfacing
theworldtoday.
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GLOBAL REFUGEE
CRISIS
A Reference Handbook,
Second Edition
Mark Gibney
CONTEMPORARY
WORLD ISSUES
Copyright2010byABC-CLIO,LLC
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,
storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyany
means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,
exceptfortheinclusionofbriefquotationsinareview,withoutprior
permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Gibney,Mark.
Globalrefugeecrisis:areferencehandbook/MarkGibney.—2nded.
p.cm.— (Contemporaryworldissues)
Rev.ed.of:Theglobalrefugeecrisis:areferencehandbook/Gil
Loescher,AnnDullLoescher.1994.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-59884-455-9(hbk.:alk.paper)—ISBN978-1-59884-456-6
(ebook) 1. Refugees.2. Refugees—Servicesfor.3. Disasterrelief.
I.Loescher,Gil.Globalrefugeecrisis.II.Title.
HV640.L625 2010
362.87—dc22 2010030686
ISBN:978-1-59884-455-9
EISBN:978-1-59884-456-6
14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5
ThisbookisalsoavailableontheWorldWideWebasaneBook.
Visitwww.abc-clio.comfordetails.
ABC-CLIO,LLC
130CremonaDrive,P.O.Box1911
SantaBarbara,California93116-1911
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper
ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
Contents
ListofTablesandFigures,xiii
Preface,xv
1 BackgroundandHistory,1
Introduction,1
TheHistoryofProtectingRefugees,6
ThePost-WarHumanRightsRevolution,8
The1951RefugeeConvention,11
Alienage,13
“Well-FoundedFear,”14
Persecution,16
TheNexusRequirement,18
Exclusions,22
ExceptionstoNonrefoulement,23
Cessations,24
RefugeeRights,25
Nonrefoulement,25
RightsOwedtoRefugeesPhysicallyPresentinthe
ReceivingState,26
RightsOwedtoRefugeesLawfullyinthe
ContractingState,26
RightsOwedtoRefugeesLawfullyStayinginthe
ContractingState,27
RightsOwedtoRefugeesResidinginthe
ContractingState,27
InterfacewithInternationalandRegionalHumanRights
Instruments,27
Nonrefoulement,28
Racism,30
Detention,30
vii
viii Contents
Economic,Social,andCulturalRights,31
RightsoftheChild,31
DomesticProcedures,32
EstablishingEligibility,32
DenialofAsylumHearingsandAcceleratedProcedures,33
ReturnedRefugees,35
Conclusion,36
References,36
Books,Articles,andChapters,36
CasesandAdministrativeDecisions,37
2 Problems,Controversies,andSolutions,39
AsylumAbuse?,40
UnitedKingdom,45
TheNetherlands,46
Sweden,47
UnitedStates,49
Summary,51
Nonrefoulement:When(andWhere)DoestheProhibition
Apply?,52
Salev.HaitianCentersCouncil,509U.S.155(1993),52
JusticeBlackmun’sDissent,59
Summary,65
ThePracticesofOtherStates,66
Re-ConceptualizingHumanRights—andRefugee
Protection,67
TheResponsibilitytoProtect(R2P),73
ExtraterritorialObligations(ETO)Consortium,78
ImplicationsforRefugeeProtection,80
References,81
Books,Articles,andChapters,81
CasesandAdministrativeDecisions,82
3 SpecialU.S.Issues,83
AHistoricalSurveyofU.S.AlienAdmissionPractices,84
TheColdWar,U.S.ForeignPolicy,andRefugeeProtection,90
CurrentRefugee/AsylumLawandPracticeinthe
UnitedStates,96
OverseasRefugeeProgram,97
CriticismsofORP,103
Asylum,105
1996ChangestoU.S.AsylumLaw,106
Contents ix
AsylumandWithholdingofDeportation,107
Disqualifications,109
Detention,110
TemporaryProtection,111
Conclusion,113
References,113
Books,Articles,andChapters,113
CasesandAdministrativeDecisions,114
4 Chronology,115
5 BiographicalSketches,137
MahnazAfkhami,137
SonyaAho,138
MadeleineAlbright,138
IsabelAllende,139
HannahArendt,139
ChristineArnothy,140
MathangiMayaArulpragasam(a.k.a.M.I.A.),141
BertoltBrecht,142
NadiaComaneci,142
ZohraDaoud,143
LeandroDespouy,143
EmmanuelDongala,144
ArielDorfman,145
JaroslavDrobny,145
AlbertEinstein,146
NawalElSaadawi,147
PhilipEmeagwali,147
EnricoFermi,148
TenzinGyatso,148
ThichNhatHanh,148
Jo´seRamosHorta,149
Michae¨lleJean,149
WassilyKandinsky,150
FazilKawani,151
MebrahtomKeflezighi,151
AkbarKhurasani,151
WalterLam,152
RaphaelLemkin,152
MiriamMakeba,153
TatyanaMamonova,154