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Institute of Russian, Eastern European and Central Asian Studies, CASS · Russian International Affairs Council Editors Global Governance in the New Era Concepts and Approaches Global Governance in the New Era Institute of Russian, Eastern European and Central · Asian Studies, CASS Russian International Affairs Council Editors Global Governance in the New Era Concepts and Approaches Editors Institute of Russian, Eastern European and Russian International Affairs Council Central Asian Studies, CASS Moscow, Russia Beijing, China ISBN 978-981-19-4331-7 ISBN 978-981-19-4332-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4332-4 Jointly published with China Social Sciences Press The print edition is not for sale in China (Mainland). Customers from China (Mainland) please order the print book from: China Social Sciences Press. This book is the joint research result of Institute of Russian, Eastern European and Central Asian Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Russian International Affairs Council (SEP. 2021– MAR. 2022) Translation from the Chinese language edition: “新时代全球治理: 理念与路径” by Fuzhan Xie et al., © China Social Sciences Press 2022. Published by China Social Sciences Press. All Rights Reserved. © China Social Sciences Press 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface I China’s Insight and Endeavor to Address the Deficit of Global Governance At this critical moment featuring intertwined challenges from unprecedented shifts in the global landscape and the centennially rare COVID-19 pandemic, continued changes in cooperative and confrontational relations among major powers as well as complicated spillover effects by a new round of scientific and technological revolution, the world now faces rising instabilities and growing uncertainties, putting human beings at a historical crossroads that would determine the future direction of global governance. First of al,l the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the dilemma for global governance. Bearing the brunt of the sudden and strong pandemic, the global economy suffered its worst recession since the Great Depression in the 1930s. As the virus spreads all over the world and the combat against this enemy becomes a long-term reality, the global economic and political order has undergone profound and complex changes. The most noticeable result is that the pandemic has accelerated the decoupling of the global economy in both objective and subjective dimen- sions. In the objective dimension, the pandemic has disrupted global production and hindered logistical connection: The global supply chain is now in stagnation while the industrial chain and value chain have been forced to change. In the subjective dimension, the virus has triggered the resurgence of economic nationalism, as more and more countries are now increasingly inward-looking, which has accelerated the localization and regionalization of the supply chain, the industrial chain, and the value chain. In addition, to deal with the impact of such decoupling, some countries, despite their true intention to advocate openness, have adopted policy measures that actually promote the decoupling of this kind into a reality, resulting in a decoupling paradox, i.e., efforts against something ultimately result in it. v vi PrefaceI What’s more, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased political insta- bility at both international and domestic levels. At the international level, the virus has highlighted the differences among a variety of cultures and the corresponding models of their social governance, giving some countries the chance to ignite hostility and confrontation among different ideologies and values. At the domestic level, the pandemic has accelerated the accumulation of social malcontent, which puts racial conflicts, religious disputes, refugee crises, and other issues on the rise, triggering political turmoil in some countries. Global governance in the post-pandemic era, therefore, faces more complex problems and complicated challenges. Secondly, the game among great powers intensifies the competition for superiority in global governance. Over the past few decades, emerging markets and developing economies have maintained a “two-speed growth” trend with weak recovery in developed countries, vibrant growth in many developing countries, and a more balanced landscape of the world economy. However, in order to suppress the developmental momentum of other countries and to unilaterally maximize their own interests, a few major powers still stick to Cold War mentalities and believe in the logic of a zero-sum game, so they pursue the law of the jungle and want the survival of the fittest. Therefore, these countries try to organize small blocs or groups in the international community, recklessly wielding the stick of sanctions as well as continuously creating contradictions and differences everywhere in the world, which pushes global affairs into disorder, division, and even confrontation. In this context, the competition and cooperation among great powers or major groups in the world have been deeply adjusted, while the severity of battling in and the usage of weapons for global governance have become increasingly prominent. When it comes to many global challenges, some major powers use global governance as an instrument to seek their own interests and force other countries to undertake more obligations, making global governance increasingly deviate from its original intention of international coordination and worldwide cooperation. As for the progress to modernize the World Trade Organization, to restructure the governance of the International Monetary Fund and to optimize the running mechanism of the World Bank, differences and contradictions among relevant parties have been on the rise due to the obstruction and interference by a few great powers who, further, try to turn climate change, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence and other fields into battlegrounds in international games. Last but not least, a new round of technological revolution has generated new challenges for global governance. Such round of scientific and technological revolution is a process for the coordinated transformation of technological and economic paradigms. It is, by all means, an important driving force for the structural development of global governance, while it is also without doubt a double-edged sword with high complexity and uncertainty. It is true that scientific and technological advancement promotes economic growth, boosts industrial innovation, and improves social welfare; it also exerts many spillover effects on the global political and economic order, therefore causing new problems for global governance. PrefaceI vii At present, the science and technology have become strategic fields for the competition among major powers: For example, technological innovation in the energy sector is triggering a deep round of adjustment for the worldwide geopolitical landscape, while the IT industry and the cyberspace have gradually become new grounds for both shared interests and source of conflicts. At the same time, scientific and technological progress will change the form of warfare and bring unprecedented challenges to world peace. The widespread use of digital technologies in the military field has opened up a new front parallel to the conventional one while, in particular, the fast development and wide deployment of artificial intelligence systems such as lethal autonomous weapons (LAWS) will make it possible that a war might be waged without any prior human decision. However, incompatible with the rapid advancement of scientific and technological innovation is the corresponding governance, with a multitude of problems such as outdated mechanisms, imperfect rules, and imbalanced sectorial development. In conclusion, the international community still fails to respond to these problems and challenges in global governance, in a systematic and effective way. Together we live in such a small metaphorical world village, where countries across the globe are highly interdependent and the international community has a shared future with overlapping interests and common grounds. In the face of increasingly severe global challenges and unabated global governance deficits, all countries in the world, including China and Russia, must be the advocates for and contributors to global governance, particularly by providing brain and brawn for building a better world for mankind. In this regard, the priority is to practice genuine multilateralism. The response to global challenges requires strong global efforts, which is the primary consensus held by the international community. In the face of increasingly prominent global problems, no country can stand atop or be immune to external threats, nor can it maintain its own security or guarantee its interests alone. All countries in this world need to work together with coordinate actions in a responsible manner. Multilateralism, therefore, is the major direction and dominant logic that must be adhered to when dealing with global governance deficits and promoting the corresponding reform. When it comes to the new round of industrial revolution driven by cutting-edge IT advancement, the significance of multilateralism has become even more prominent. Multilateral cooperation is not only an institutional paradigm for a country to share the dividends of industrial revolution to a greater extent, but also a fundamental way- out to effectively cope with the challenges in this context. To make multilateralism a powerful tool for addressing global challenges, it is highly necessary to firmly uphold genuine multilateralism and make real practice correspondingly, instead of exercising hegemonism and unilateralism in the name of multilateralism. The concept of Genuine Multilateralism means to adhere to openness and inclusiveness instead of closeness and exclusiveness; to stay committed to international law and international rules instead of seeking one’s own supremacy; to stick to consultation and cooperation instead of conflict and confrontation, as well as to stay committed to keeping up viii PrefaceI with the times instead of rejecting change. In order to embrace and practice genuine multilateralism, we must uphold the basic norms of international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, champion the multilateral trading system based on the World Trade Organization, and promote the establishment of a more open, dynamic, inclusive, and sustainable world economy. The second task is to promote common development across the globe. There are many problems around the world being our headaches today, while development is one and the only master key to solve many of these thorny issues. Only by adhering to worldwide common development can we find a chance to resolve the root causes of conflicts. At this moment, there are more than 200 countries and regions in this world with more than 2500 ethnic groups and over 7 billion people. On this blue planet, we live together and should therefore conduct equal dialogue and cooperation, share the outcomes of economic globalization and global economic growth, and thus achieve common development, progress, and prosperity. To this end, all countries in this world should work together to promote the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, and promote the development of economic globalization in a more open, inclusive, mutually beneficial, balanced, and win-win manner. Across civiliza- tional boundaries, we must talk to each other instead of building estrangement, learn from each other instead of launching conflicts, and achieve coexistence among all instead of seeking superiority over others. As the world’s largest developing country, China has made great contributions to the common development of the world while achieving its own advancement. China’s contribution rate to world economic growth has ranked indisputably the first for many years in a roll and has become a key driver of global growth. On September 21, 2021, President Xi Jinping proposed a global development initiative during the general debate of the 76th United Nations General Assembly, systematically expounding the policy and action framework for achieving inclusive development. This is another important public good and cooperative plat- form that China has provided to the international community in addition to the Belt and Road Initiative, which has helped to bring global development to a new stage featuring balance, coordination, and inclusiveness. The third mission is to perfect the global governance system. For quite a long time, many global challenges have not been effectively solved, with the substantial deficit still in place. As the existing system of global governance cannot adapt to the newly emerged trends, the necessity and urgency of reforming the current global governance system are all the more increasing. The future development of the global governance system means so much for every individual country, for the prosperity and stability of the world, and for the common destiny of mankind. It is therefore the responsibility and obligation of every one of us to perfect the global governance system. In this process, all countries in the world must adhere to the idea of Collab- oration, Coordination, and Cooperation, advocate extensive consultation and joint contribution, as well as give full play to each country’s advantages, so that outcomes and benefits are shared by all. We must say no to the philosophy of zero-sum games or the idea of winner-takes-all. Differences should be resolved through dialogue and PrefaceI ix consultation, instead of by the arbitrary decision from a single country or the one- sided ruling from a particular bloc. We must adhere to fairness, justice, equality, openness, transparency, and inclusiveness, yet never put our own interests above that of the whole mankind or coerce other countries into following our own ideas. We must stand firm to support a rule-oriented system of international rules that is to be both formed and obeyed jointly by all countries with no exceptions, let alone taking advantage of it in favorable situations and discarding it while self-interests cannot be achieved. In addition, we must adhere to the spirit of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities, i.e., making contributions and undertaking responsibilities that are commensurate with a country’s strengths and rights. As a participant, constructor, and contributor to the current global governance system, China has always been committed to exploring both ideas and models for cooperation with other countries, so as to promote the development of the global governance system in a just and reasonable manner. Forth, it is also essential to promote theoretical innovation regarding global governance. In global governance, correct theoretical thinking can enhance people’s ability to know and follow the laws in which things develop, while erroneous ideas will lead the world into astray or even abyss. With the in-depth development of globalization and the increasing number of global challenges, theoretical guidance tends to be more and more important for the practice in this aspect. At present, global governance challenges and global governance deficits are prominent; yet, the Western-centric global governance theoretical paradigm fails to function and even comes to a deadlock, making it even more urgent to construct a louder voice for developing countries in global governance and to promote the innovation of global governance theories. Both China and Russia have long history and excellent cultural tradition, with large numbers of theorists and thinkers who have promoted the progress of human civilization. As China and Russia participate in the construction and restructuring of global governance, they also show great motivation and potential for theoretical innovation. Being the highest academic institution of Chinese philosophical studies and social sciences, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences is willing to work with academic circles of various countries, including Russian colleagues of course, to focus on the research in theoretical questions and practical issues of global governance, and particularly summarize both positive and negative results by past and present mechanisms of global governance, so as to constantly promote the innovation of global governance concepts, viewpoints and academic ideas, as well as to provide theoretical and intellectual support for addressing the deficit in global governance. At this moment, human civilization has come to a historical period of extraordinary significance. Faced with the ultimate questions in this era of what happened to the world and what should we correspondingly do, President Xi Jinping made a loud and powerful voice in his speech at the UN headquarters in Geneva, calling for joint efforts to build a community with a shared future for mankind as China’s response to current challenges shared by the whole world. Further, China will continue its commitment to promoting the global consensus of peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy, x PrefaceI and freedom for all mankind, double its effort in practicing genuine multilateralism and advancing shared growth for the globe, as well as take initiatives to participate in the construction and reformation of the global governance system, therefore providing both insights and endeavor for addressing the deficit of global governance and usher in a better future for all. Beijing, China Fuzhan Xie Former President of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences