Glencoe Science: Level Green, Student Edition

926 Pages·2007·85.38 MB·English

by  Alton Biggs

i s e
nteractive tudent dition

Level Green
These ocean cliffs on the
Victoria coast in Australia
are called the Twelve Apostles.
They form a background for
wild horses running through
a field.The inset photo is a
model of an aspirin molecule.
These elements represent the
Earth,life,and physical
sciences,respectively.
Copyright ©2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.Except as permitted under
the United States Copyright Act,no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any
form or by any means,or stored in a database or retrieval system,without prior written permission
of the publisher.
The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society’s
Education Division.Copyright ©National Geographic Society.The name “National Geographic Society”
and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society,and their use,without prior written
permission,is strictly prohibited.
The “Science and Society”and the “Science and History”features that appear in this book were
designed and developed by TIME School Publishing,a division of TIME Magazine.TIMEand the red
border are trademarks of Time Inc.All rights reserved.
Send all inquiries to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus,OH 43240-4027
ISBN:978-0-07-877808-7
MHID:0-07-877808-5
Printed in the United States of America.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 079/043 09 08 07
Contents
In Brief
C
o
n
Earth’s Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 t
e
n
Chapter 1 The Nature of Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
t
s
Chapter 2 Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 I
n
Chapter 3 Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 B
r
i
e
f
Earth’s Atmosphere and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Chapter 4 Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Chapter 5 Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Chapter 6 Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Chapter 7 Earth in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
The Basis of Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Chapter 8 Life’s Structure and Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Chapter 9 Cell Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Chapter 10 Cell Reproduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Chapter 11 Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Chapter 12 Adaptations over Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Human Body Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Chapter 13 Circulation and Immunity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Chapter 14 Digestion,Respiration,and Excretion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Chapter 15 Support,Movement,and Responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Chapter 16 Regulation and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
The Interdependence of Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Chapter 17 Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Chapter 18 Interactions of Living Things. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Chapter 19 Conserving Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Matter and Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Chapter 20 Properties and Changes of Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
Chapter 21 Substances,Mixtures,and Solubility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
Chapter 22 States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Chapter 23 Newton’s Laws of Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
Chapter 24 Energy and Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
iii
Authors
Edward Ortleb
Science Consultant
Education Division St.Louis,MO
Washington,D.C.
Peter Rillero, PhD
Alton Biggs Associate Professor ofScience Education
Biology Teacher Arizona State University West
Allen High School Phoenix,AZ
Allen,TX
Susan Leach Snyder
Lucy Daniel, PhD Retired Teacher/Consultant
Teacher/Consultant Jones Middle School
Rutherford County Schools Upper Arlington,OH
Rutherfordton,NC
Dinah Zike
Ralph M. Feather Jr., PhD Educational Consultant
Assistant Professor Dinah-Might Activities,Inc.
Department ofEducational Studies San Antonio,TX
and Secondary Education
Bloomsburg University
Bloomsburg,PA
Series Consultants
CONTENT
Alton J.Banks,PhD Michael A.Hoggarth,PhD Linda McGaw
Director ofthe Faculty Center Department ofLife and Science Program Coordinator
for Teaching and Learning Earth Sciences Advanced Placement Strategies,Inc.
North Carolina State University Otterbein College Dallas,TX
Raleigh,NC Westerville,OH
Madelaine Meek
Jack Cooper Jerome A.Jackson,PhD Physics Consultant Editor
Ennis High School Whitaker Eminent Scholar in Science Lebanon,OH
Ennis,TX Program Director
Center for Science,Mathematics, Robert Nierste
Sandra K.Enger,PhD and Technology Education Science Department Head
Associate Director, Florida GulfCoast University Hendrick Middle School,Plano ISD
Associate Professor Fort Meyers,FL Plano,TX
UAH Institute for Science Education
Huntsville,AL William C.Keel,PhD Connie Rizzo,MD,PhD
Department ofPhysics Department ofScience/Math
David G.Haase,PhD and Astronomy Marymount Manhattan College
North Carolina State University University ofAlabama New York,NY
Raleigh,NC Tuscaloosa,AL
iv
Dominic Salinas,PhD READING SAFETY
Middle School Science Supervisor
Caddo Parish Schools Elizabeth Babich Aileen Duc,PhD
Shreveport,LA Special Education Teacher Science 8 Teacher
Mashpee Public Schools Hendrick Middle School,Plano ISD
Cheryl Wistrom Mashpee,MA Plano,TX
St.Joseph’s College
Rensselaer,IN Barry Barto Sandra West,PhD
Special Education Teacher Department ofBiology
Carl Zorn,PhD John F.Kennedy Elementary Texas State University-San Marcos
StaffScientist Manistee,MI San Marcos,TX
Jefferson Laboratory
Newport News,VA Carol A.Senf,PhD ACTIVITY TESTERS
School ofLiterature,
MATH Communication,and Culture Nerma Coats Henderson
Georgia Institute ofTechnology Pickerington Lakeview Jr.High
Michael Hopper,DEng. Atlanta,GA School
Manager ofAircraft Certification Pickerington,OH
L-3 Communications Rachel Swaters-Kissinger
Greenville,TX Science Teacher Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka
John Boise Middle School William D.Slider Middle School
Teri Willard,EdD Warsaw,MO El Paso,TX
Mathematics Curriculum Writer
Belgrade,MT Science Kit and Boreal
Laboratories
Tonawanda,NY
Reviewers
Deidre Adams William Blair Karen Curry
West Vigo Middle School Retired Teacher East Wake Middle School
West Terre Haute,IN J.Marshall Middle School Raleigh,NC
Billerica,MA
Sharla Adams Joanne Davis
IPC Teacher Tom Bright Murphy High School
Allen High School Concord High School Murphy,NC
Allen,TX Charlotte,NC
Robin Dillon
Maureen Barrett Lois Burdette Hanover Central High School
Thomas E.Harrington Middle School Green Bank Elementary-Middle Cedar Lake,IN
Mt.Laurel,NJ School
Green Bank,WV Anthony J.DiSipio,Jr.
John Barry 8th Grade Science
Seeger Jr.-Sr.High School Marcia Chackan Octorana Middle School
West Lebanon,IN Pine Crest School Atglen,PA
Boca Raton,FL
Desiree Bishop Sandra Everhart
Environmental Studies Center Obioma Chukwu Dauphin/Enterprise Jr.High Schools
Mobile County Public Schools J.H.Rose High School Enterprise,AL
Mobile,AL Greenville,NC
v
Mary Ferneau Michael Mansour Mark Sailer
Westview Middle School Board Member Pioneer Jr.-Sr.High School
Goose Creek,SC National Middle Level Science Royal Center,IN
Teacher’s Association
Cory Fish John Page Middle School Joanne Stickney
Burkholder Middle School Madison Heights,MI Monticello Middle School
Henderson,NV Monticello,NY
Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka
Linda V.Forsyth William D.Slider Middle School Dee Stout
Retired Teacher El Paso,TX Penn State University
Merrill Middle School University Park,PA
Denver,CO Michelle Mazeika
Whiting Middle School Darcy Vetro-Ravndal
George Gabb Whiting,IN Hillsborough High School
Great Bridge Middle School Tampa,FL
Chesapeake Public Schools Joe McConnell
Chesapeake,VA Speedway Jr.High School Karen Watkins
Indianapolis,IN Perry Meridian Middle School
Annette D’Urso Garcia Indianapolis,IN
Kearney Middle School Sharon Mitchell
Commerce City,CO William D.Slider Middle School Clabe Webb
El Paso,TX Permian High School
Nerma Coats Henderson Ector County ISD
Pickerington Lakeview Jr. Amy Morgan Odessa,TX
High School Berry Middle School
Pickerington,OH Hoover,AL Alison Welch
William D.Slider Middle School
Lynne Huskey Norma Neely,EdD El Paso,TX
Chase Middle School Associate Director for Regional
Forest City,NC Projects Kim Wimpey
Texas Rural Systemic Initiative North Gwinnett High School
Maria E.Kelly Austin,TX Suwanee,GA
Principal
Nativity School Annette Parrott Kate Ziegler
Catholic Diocese ofArlington Lakeside High School Durant Road Middle School
Burke,VA Atlanta,GA Raleigh,NC
Nora M.Prestinari Burchett
Saint Luke School
McLean,VA
vi
Teacher Advisory Board
The Teacher Advisory Board gave the authors,editorial staff,and design team feedback
on the content and design of the Student Edition.They provided valuable input in the
development of the 2008 edition of Glencoe Science Level Green.
John Gonzales Marie Renner Rubidel Peoples
Challenger Middle School Diley Middle School Meacham Middle School
Tucson,AZ Pickerington,OH Fort Worth,TX
Rachel Shively Nelson Farrier Kristi Ramsey
Aptakisic Jr.High School Hamlin Middle School Navasota Jr.High School
Buffalo Grove,IL Springfield,OR Navasota,TX
Roger Pratt JeffRemington
Manistique High School Palmyra Middle School
Manistique,MI Palmyra,PA
Kirtina Hile Erin Peters
Northmor Jr.High/High School Williamsburg Middle School
Galion,OH Arlington,VA
Student Advisory Board
The Student Advisory Board gave the authors,editorial staff,and design team feedback
on the design of the Student Edition.We thank these students for their hard work and
creative suggestions in making the 2008 edition of Glencoe Science Level Green student
friendly.
Jack Andrews Addison Owen
Reynoldsburg Jr.High School Davis Middle School
Reynoldsburg,OH Dublin,OH
Peter Arnold Teriana Patrick
Hastings Middle School Eastmoor Middle School
Upper Arlington,OH Columbus,OH
Emily Barbe Ashley Ruz
Perry Middle School Karrar Middle School
Worthington,OH Dublin,OH
Kirsty Bateman
Hilliard Heritage Middle School
Hilliard,OH
Andre Brown
Spanish Emersion Academy
Columbus,OH
Chris Dundon
Heritage Middle School
Westerville,OH
The Glencoe middle school science Student
Ryan Manafee
Monroe Middle School Advisory Board taking a timeout at COSI,
Columbus,OH
a science museum in Columbus, Ohio.
vii
Why do I need
my science book?
Before You Read
Have you ever been in class and
not understood all of what was (cid:1) Chapter Opener Science is occurring all around you,
and the opening photo of each chapter will preview the
presented? Or, you understood
science you will be learning about.The Chapter
everything in class, but at home,
Preview will give you an idea of what you will be
got stuck on how to answer a
learning about,and you can try the Launch Lab to
question? Maybe you just
help get your brain headed in the right direction.The
wondered when you were ever
Foldables exercise is a fun way to keep you organized.
going to use this stuff?
(cid:1) Section Opener Chapters are divided into two to four
These next few pages
sections.The As You Read in the margin of the first
are designed to help you
page of each section will let you know what is most
understand everything your
important in the section.It is divided into four parts.
science book can be used
What You’ll Learn will tell you the major topics you
for . . . besides a paperweight!
will be covering.Why It’s Important will remind you
why you are studying this in the first place! The
Review Vocabulary word is a word you already know,
either from your science studies or your prior knowl-
edge.The New Vocabulary words are words that you
need to learn to understand this section.These words
will be in boldfaced print and highlighted in the
section.Make a note to yourself to recognize these
words as you are reading the section.
Science Vocabulary Make the
following Foldable to help you
understand the vocabulary
terms in this chapter.
STEP 1 Folda vertical
As You Read sheet of notebook
paper from side to
(cid:1) Headings Each section has a title side.
in large red letters,and is further
divided into blue titles and
STEP 2 Cutalong every third line of only the
small red titles at the begin- top layer to form tabs.
nings of some paragraphs.
To help you study,make an
outline of the headings and
subheadings.
(cid:1) Margins In the margins of
STEP 3 Labeleach tab with a vocabulary
your text,you will find many helpful word from the chapter.
resources.The Science Onlineexercises and
Integrateactivities help you explore the topics
you are studying.MiniLabsreinforce the sci-
ence concepts you have learned. Build Vocabulary As you read the chapter, list
the vocabulary words on the tabs. As you learn
(cid:1) Building Skills You also will find an
the definitions, write them under the tab for
Applying Math or Applying Science activity
each vocabulary word.
in each chapter.This gives you extra prac-
tice using your new knowledge,and helps
prepare you for standardized tests.
(cid:1) Student Resources At the end of the book
you will find Student Resourcesto help you
throughout your studies.These include
Science,Technology,andMath Skill Hand-
books,anEnglish/Spanish Glossary,and an
Index.Also,use your Foldablesas a resource. Look For...
It will help you organize information,and
review before a test.
(cid:1) In Class Remember,you can always At the beginning of
every section.
ask your teacher to explain anything
you don’t understand.
ix