GIS and Remote Sensing Applications in Biogeography and Ecology PDF
Preview GIS and Remote Sensing Applications in Biogeography and Ecology
GIS AND REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS IN BIOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE GIS AND REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS IN BIOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY edited by Andrew C. M illington University of Leicester United Kingdom Stephen J. Walsh University of North Carolina Chapel Hill USA. Patrick E. Osborne University of Stirling United Kingdom SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data GIS and remote sensing applications in biogeography and ecology / edited by Andrew C. Millington, Stephen J. Walsh, Patrick E. Osborne, p.cm. Book arose from two joint symposia held in Leicester and Honolulu in 1999. Includes bibliographical references (p.). ISBN 978-1-4613-5596-0 ISBN 978-1-4615-1523-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-1523-4 1. Biogeography—Remote sensing. 2. Ecology—Remote sensing. 3. Geographic information systems. I. Millington, A. C. II. Walsh, Stephen Joseph, 1951- III. Osborne , Patrick E. QH84 .G47 2001 578\09—dc21 2001038306 The cover is a composite image of Lee Ridge and vicinity, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. The image is composed of a 1999 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite image, an orthophoto quadrangle (b&w), and an ADAR 5500 digital aircraft image referenced to a 30 m Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The Landsat TM image is visualized using a channel 4,3,2 color composite and represented using a RGB (Red-Green-Blue) color model. The ADAR 5500 image was collected at a spatial resolution of 1 m and processed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to show the "green wave" across Lee Ridge. The image is used to assess climate change at the alpine treeline ecotone as part of research funded by the US Geological Survey, Biological Research Division. Cover art by Sean McKnight and Stephen J. Walsh, Landscape Characterization & Spatial Analysis Lab, Department of Geography, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, USA. Copyright ° 2001 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers i n 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Printed on acid-free paper. TABLE OF CONTENTS Co-Editors: Abbreviated Profiles ix Acknowledgements: ListofReviewers x 1. Introduction- ThinkingSpatially Andrew C. Millington, Stephen1. Walsh, and PatrickE. Osborne......1 2. ASpectral Unmixing Approach to LeafArea Index (LAI) Estimationat the Alpine TreelineEcotone Daniel G. Brown 7 3. The UtilizationofAirborne Digital Multispectral Image Dynamics and Kinematic Global PositioningSystemsfor Assessingand MonitoringSaltMarsh HabitatsinSouthern California Douglas Stow, AliceE. Brewster, and BrianK. Bradshaw 23 4. SpatialVariabilityinSatellite-DerivedSeasonal Vegetation Dynamics Simon D. Jones, AndrewC. Millington, and BarryK. Wyatt 47 5. DocumentingLand-CoverHistoryofa HumidTropical Environmentin Northeastern Costa Rica UsingTime-Series RemotelySensedData Jane M. Read, Julie S. Denslow, and SandraM. Guzman 69 6. PatternsofChangein Land-Useand Land-Coverand Plant Biomass: Separating Intra- and Inter-AnnualSignalsin Monsoon-Driven NortheastThailand StephenJ. Walsh, Kelley A. Crews-Meyer,Thomas W. Crawford, WilliamF. Welsh, BarbaraEntwisle, and RonaldR. Rindfuss 91 7. Barriersand SpeciesPersistence inaSimulatedGrassland Community David M. Cairns 109 8. Feedbackand Patternin ComputerSimulationsofthe Alpine TreelineEcotone MatthewF. Becker, GeorgeP. Malanson, Kathryn1. Alftine, and David M. Cairns 123 9. SpatialPatternand Dynamicsofan Annual Woodland Herb LucyBastinand Chris D. Thomas 139 10. SpatialAnalysisofMicro-Environmental Changeand Forest CompositioninBelize PeterA. Fudey, MalcolmPenn, Neil M. Bird, andMalcolmR. Murray (withacontributionfromDougR. Lewis) 163 11. The Radiate CapitulumMorphofSenecioVulgaris L. within Sussex: the UseofGISin EstablishingOrigins StephenWaite and Niall Burnside 179 12. AGeographicalInformationScience(GISci) Approach to ExploringVariationin the Bush CricketEphippigerEphippiger David M. Kidd and Michael G. Ritchie 193 13. The GIS RepresentationofWildlifeMovements: AFramework LingBian 213 14. StratifiedSamplingforFieldSurveyofEnvironmental Gradients in the MojaveDesertEcoregion JanetFranklin,ToddKeeler-Wolf, Kathryn A. Thomas, David A. Shaari, PeterA. Stine, Joel Michaelsen, and JenniferMiller 229 vi 15. DevelopmentofVegetationPatterninPrimarySuccessionson GlacierForelandsinSouthern Norway GiinterA. Grimm 255 16. Multi-ScaleAnalysisofLand-CoverCompositionand Landscape ManagementofPublic and Private LandsinIndiana TomP. Evans, GlenM. Green, andLaura A. Carlson 271 17. Shifting CultivationWithoutDeforestation: ACaseStudyinthe MountainsofNorthwesternVietnam Jefferson Fox, StephenLeisz, DaoMinhTruong, A. TerryRambo, NghiemPhuongTuyen, andLeTrongCue 289 18. LinkingBiogeographyand EnvironmentalManagementinthe Wetland LandscapeofCoastalNorth Carolina The difference betweennationwideandindividualwetlandpermits NinaM. Kelly 309 Index 329 vii CO-EDITORS: ABBREVIATED PROFILES Andrew C. Millington is Professor of Geography at the University of Leicester, where he is currently head ofdepartment. He lectured previously at the Universities of Reading (UK) and Sierra Leone, and has been a Visiting Lecturer at the University ofGent and University College, Dublin. He is the inaugural chair of the IGU Biogeography Study Group (1996 2000) and honorary editor of The Geographical Journal. He has published over 50 scientific articles and edited five books, including Vegetation Mapping with R. Alexander (1999) and Environmental Change in Dryland Environments with K. Pye (1994). His research interests focus on the use of remotely-sensed data to map and monitor soils and vegetation in arid and humid tropical environments, modelling habitat and, more generally, in natural resource management. He has carried out research for the ED, UK and DutchGovernments, and the World Bank. Stephen1. Walsh is a ProfessorofGeography, Directorofthe Landscape Characterisation & Spatial Analysis Lab (LC&SAL), and Research Fellow of the Carolina Population Centre at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA. He is the former Amos H. Hawley Professor of Geography (1993-1996) and Director of the Spatial Analysis Unit at the Carolina Population Centre (1992-1997). He is the past Chair of the GIS (1997-1999) and the Remote Sensing (1995-1997) Specialty Groups of the Association of American Geographers (AAG). In 1997, Professor Walsh was the recipient of the Outstanding Contribution Award and Medal from the Remote Sensing Specialty Group of the AAG, in 1999 was award Research Honours from the Southeastern Division ofthe AAG, and in 2001 was awarded Research Scholarship Honours from the Association of American Geographers. He is on the editorial boards of Plant Ecology (1996-present), Journal of Geography (1995-present), The Professional Geographer (1997-2001), and the Southeastern Geographer (1992-2000). He also has recently co-authored special remote sensing and GIS application issues in the Journal of Vegetation Science (1994) and Geomorphology (1998). Professor Walsh's research interests are in GIS, remote sensing, spatial analysis, physical geography, and population-environment interactions. Specific research foci are in pattern and process at the alpine treeline ecotone, biodiversity and river dynamics, scale dependence and information scaling, and landuse/landcoverchange modelling. Major studies are underway in Ecuador, Thailand, and NorthCarolina and Montana, USA. Patrick E. Osborne lectures in Environmental Management at the University of Stirling, I\cotland, UK, and is co-director of the masters' programme. He was previously the Head ofEcology at the National Avian Research Center in Abu Dhabi where he directed research on conservation issues and compiled the book The Desert Ecology ofAbu Dhabi (1996). He has travelled extensively and worked in Europe, Lesotho, Kenya, Mexico, the Middle East, Pakistan and Kazakhstan. Dr Osborne's research interests are in spatial ecology and landscape ecology, and the uses of new technologies in conservation biology, particularly birds. He is currently working on large-scale predictive models of bird distributions based on digital cartography and satellite imagery. His research students are studying the effects of forest fragmentation on birds, building simulation models of forests succession, comparing correlative mapping and Individual-Based Behaviour Models for predicting areas used by grazing geese, studying forest cover change in Nigeria, and devising conservation strategies for woodlandgrouse. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .. LIST OF REVIEWERS Thomas R. Allen, OldDominion University StephenJ. McGregor, University ofNorthCarolina -Chapel Hill JosephP. Messina, Michigan StateUniversity John Kupfer, UniversityofArizona Duane Griffin, Bucknell University Paul Mausel, Indiana StateUniversity Stephen R. Yool, UniversityofArizona DavidR. Butler, SouthwestTexas State University LingBian, State University ofNew York-Buffalo Nina M. Kelly, University ofCalifornia-Berkeley Daniel G. Brown, University ofMichigan Stephen1. Walsh, UniversityofNorthCarolina -Chapel Hill Kelley A. Crews-Meyer, UniversityofTexas -Austin SteveBlackmore, Royal Botanic Gardens- Edinburgh John Proctor, University ofStirling -Stirling Godfrey Hewitt-UniversityofEastAnglia -Norwich DanHoward -New Mexico StateUniversity -Las Cruces D. McCollin, UniversityCollegeNorthampton -Northampton MikeHutchings, University ofSussex -Brighton J.A. Matthews, UniversityCollegeofSwansea, Swansea O.R. Vetaas, University ofBergen- Bergen, Norway Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION - THINKING SPATIALLY AndrewC. Millington DepartmentofGeography, UniversityofLeicester, UK [email protected]. Stephen1. Walsh DepartmentofGeography, UniversityofNorth Carolina, USA [email protected] PatrickE. Osborne DepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement, UniversityofStirling, UK [email protected]. Keywords: geographicinformationscience,remotesensing,biogeography,ecology. Context The idea for the book arose from twojoint symposiathat were organised by the Biogeography Study Group of the International Geographical Union; the Biogeography, Remote Sensing, and GIS Speciality Groupsof theAssociationofAmericanGeographers,andthe BiogeographyResearch Groupofthe Royal Geographical Society-InstituteofBritish Geographers and held in Leicester and Honolulu in 1999. These groups represent the majorityofgeographers who are conductingresearch in biogeographyand ecology,andteachingthismaterialtogeographers. Many members ofthese groups have strong links with ecologists and biogeographers in biological sciences, but as geographers they have particular insights into biogeography and ecology, which arise from their training in spatialdigital technologies that have been collectively referred to as Geographic Information Science (GISc). It is this issue - the aVVllcation of spatial concepts and techniques of GISc to biogeography andecology- thathasformedthefocusofthetwosymposiaandthisbook. This material is increasingly being covered in a varietyofdisciplines and sub-disciplines (e.g., large-area ecology, landscape ecology, remote sensing and GIS), butmany researchers in these fields lack the training in spatial concepts behind the techniques that they utilise. The spatial concepts that are covered in this book are richer than those found within landscape ecology at the present time, and we suspect that this book will promote the use ofmany ofthese concepts amongst landscape ecologists. Wefeel thatitis timely togathertogetherarepresentative setofexamples ofthe many varied spatial techniques and analytical approaches that are
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