Geospatial Technology: Application in Water Resources Management

115 Pages·2020·12.596 MB·English

by  Hassane Jarar Oulidi, Abdelhamid Fadil, Nour Eddine Semane

Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development
Hassane Jarar Oulidi · Abdelhamid Fadil ·
Nour Eddine Semane Editors
Geospatial
Technology
Application in Water Resources Management
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable
Development
Editorial Board Members
Anna Laura Pisello, Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Italy
Dean Hawkes, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Hocine Bougdah, University for the Creative Arts, Farnham, UK
Federica Rosso, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Hassan Abdalla, University of East London, London, UK
Sofia-Natalia Boemi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Nabil Mohareb, Faculty of Architecture—Design and Built Environment, Beirut Arab
University, Beirut, Lebanon
Saleh Mesbah Elkaffas, Arab Academy for Science, Technology, Egypt
Emmanuel Bozonnet, University of la Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
Gloria Pignatta, University of Perugia, Italy
Yasser Mahgoub, Qatar University, Qatar
Luciano De Bonis, University of Molise, Italy
Stella Kostopoulou, Regional and Tourism Development, University of Thessaloniki,
Thessaloniki, Greece
BiswajeetPradhan,FacultyofEngineeringandIT,UniversityofTechnologySydney,Sydney,
Australia
Md. Abdul Mannan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
Chaham Alalouch, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Iman O. Gawad, Helwan University, Egypt
Series Editor
Mourad Amer, International Experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange
(IEREK), Cairo, Egypt
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(cid:1) (cid:1)
Hassane Jarar Oulidi Abdelhamid Fadil
Nour Eddine Semane
Editors
Geospatial Technology
Application in Water Resources Management
123
Editors
Hassane Jarar Oulidi Abdelhamid Fadil
Mathematics, Informatics andGeomatics Mathematics, Informatics andGeomatics
Hassania Schoolfor Public Works(EHTP) Hassania Schoolfor Public Works(EHTP)
Casablanca,Morocco Casablanca,Morocco
Nour EddineSemane
Hydraulics, EnvironmentandClimate
Hassania Schoolfor Public Works(EHTP)
Casablanca,Morocco
ISSN 2522-8714 ISSN 2522-8722 (electronic)
Advances in Science, Technology &Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development
ISBN978-3-030-24973-1 ISBN978-3-030-24974-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24974-8
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Preface
Water, one of the most important resources on Earth, has become the major concern of the
century. The demographic and technological transformations related to globalization, trade,
and climate change have major impacts on water issues that are key elements of sustainable
development and territorial governance. In particular, in the Mediterranean area, where the
increasing demand for water is associated with a decrease in its resources, which urges a
rationalandoptimalmanagement.Toaddressthisproblem,itisnecessarytocarryonapplied
research on water management in order to develop innovative practices based on the inte-
gration and use of the geospatial technology.
Theimportanceofthesetechnologiesresidestheirabilitytobringtogether,inasingletool,
variable and geographically located data. They do not only reassemble and communicate
information,butalsoallowtomodel,analyze,manipulate,andmanageit,tosimulatevarious
evolutionscenariosandpresenttheresults.Thisbookillustratesthecontributionofgeospatial
technologies for better water resources management, a preliminary step to establish a real
integrated management of water resources.
This book is addressed to academicians, scientists, hydrologists, meteorologists, and con-
sultants working in the field of water resources management. It is organized into eight
chapters:
– Global Data for Watershed Modeling: The Case of Data Scarcity Areas.
– Extraction of Water Information Based on SAR Radar and Optical Image Processing:
Case of Flood Disaster in Southern Morocco.
– Soil Moisture Retrieval Using Microwave Remote Sensing: Review of Techniques and
Applications.
– Hanaa Aguedai—Intrusion Zones Identification in the Mnasra Aquifer (Morocco) Using
the Seawater Intrusion Models and the Geophysics Data.
– The Effect of Surface Water Pollution on the Incidence of Viral Hepatitis: A Spatial
Assessment Using GIS Maps.
– Contribution of the GIS in Terms of Knowledge of the Situation of the Water Resources
ofthePlainofSaïsFezandItsMiddle Atlasic Borders—Morocco:Aspects,Methods and
Quantification of Water Resources.
– Assessment of Rainfall Soil Loss in Allal El Fassi Watershed (Mean Atlas Morocco)
Using RUSLE Method Combined to GIS and Remote Sensing.
– CollaborationBetweenWaterStakeholdersNeedsaNationalStandardforDataExchange:
Exploratory Study.
Casablanca, Morocco Prof. Dr. Hassane Jarar Oulidi
v
Contents
Global Data for Watershed Modeling: The Case of Data Scarcity Areas. . . . . . . . 1
Abdelhamid Fadil and Abdelali El Bouchti
Extraction of Water Information Based on SAR Radar and Optical Image
Processing: Case of Flood Disaster in Southern Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Sofia Hakdaoui and Anas Emran
Soil Moisture Retrieval Using Microwave Remote Sensing: Review
of Techniques and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Hibatoullah Laachrate, Abdelhamid Fadil and Abdessamad Ghafiri
Hanaa Aguedai—Intrusion Zones Identification in the Mnasra Aquifer
(Morocco) Using the Seawater Intrusion Models and the Geophysics Data . . . . . . 51
Hanaa Aguedai, Fouad Lahlou and Bouabid El Mansouri
The Effect of Surface Water Pollution on the Incidence of Viral Hepatitis:
A Spatial Assessment Using GIS Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Nisrine Idrissi, Fatimazahra ElMadani, Meryem Idrissi, Mohammed Ben Abbou,
Mustapha Taleb and Zakia Rais
Contribution of the GIS in Terms of Knowledge of the Situation of the Water
Resources of the Plain of Saïs Fez and Its Middle Atlasic Borders—Morocco:
Aspects, Methods and Quantification of Water Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Z. Qadem, Kh. Obda, A. Qadem, M. Lasri and I. Bouizrou
Assessment of Rainfall Soil Loss in Allal El Fassi Watershed (Mean Atlas
Morocco) Using RUSLE Method Combining to GIS and Remote Sensing. . . . . . . 95
Younes Jaafari and Mohammed Benabdelhadi
Collaboration Between Water Stakeholders Needs a National Standard
for Data Exchange: Exploratory Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Aniss Moumen, Youssef Fakhri, Hassane Jarar Oulidi, Amel Barich
and Bouabid El Mansouri
vii
Global Data for Watershed Modeling:
The Case of Data Scarcity Areas
Abdelhamid Fadil and Abdelali El Bouchti
Abstract Keywords (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Data availability is a main element in determining the Glob(cid:1)al data(cid:1) Data scarcity (cid:1)Spatial dat(cid:1)a Climate
watershed modeling success. This factor becomes more data GIS(cid:1)Remotesensing Modeling
critical in the case of using spatial models that require Watershed Morocco
space-time distributed data. In developing countries, the
implementation ofsuch approaches isoften hampered by
datascarcity.Todealwiththissituation,theuseofglobal
datacapturedbyearthobservationsatellitesisconsidered 1 Introduction
as a major issue. This work aims to show the utility of
using this type of information in data scarcity areas, Water is one of the major challenges of humanity. Its
especially for spatial modeling of large watersheds. To resourcesbecomeincreasinglyscarceandparticularlyinarid
estimate the global data contribution, an analysis was and semiarid zones where thepressure on these resourcesis
performed by comparing them with local measured data. growing up considerablyasa result ofthedemographicand
The study focuses on data representing the watershed economic development. Water resource management is
state(morphologicalproperties)andtheinputvariablesof therefore one of the fundamental pillars of sustainable
hydrological models (climate data). The quality assess- development and environmental protection policies.
ment of these data is calculated through statistical Water resource management is commonly processed at
indicators. The comparison of global data grids with thewatershedlevel,particularlyatmediumandsmallscales
localobservationsshowstheutilityofusingsomeofthese [1]. The watershed constitutes the main hydrological unit
grids for watershed modeling and especially for the state wherethecomplexityandheterogeneityofdifferentformsof
parameters such as topography. For climate parameters, processes and interactions of natural, climatic and human
the comparison is very appropriate for the minimum and factorscanbestudiedandanalyzed.Indeed,therelationship
maximum temperature, and moderate for the humidity between rainfall and stream flows can only be determined
and solar radiation but low or very low for rainfall and through the delineation of the surface contributing to the
wind speed data. This work reveals that if global data flow [2]. The watershed, whose size can vary from a few
derived from satellites are an alternative and very hectares to a few millions sq. km, is then the most suitable
promising solution to overcome data scarcity in some space to relate the meteorological and hydrological
areas, they still need to be enhanced to make them more processes.
efficient and accurate, especially for climate data. Water resource management at the watershed scale
requires effective and operational tools for understanding
and simulating the phenomena associated with these
resources. In this context, the modeling use is an effective
A.Fadil(&) and valuable tool for decision support [3].
LaboratoryofSystemsEngineering(LaGes), Watershed modeling consists in simulating its behavior
HassaniaSchoolofPublicWorks,Casablanca,Morocco and functioning through the study of its interaction and
e-mail:[email protected]
characteristicswiththeexternalenvironment[3].Theaimis
A.ElBouchti to develop a knowledge chain to better understand the sys-
InstituteforForecastingandFuturistics(I2F),Casablanca,
tem organization, to implement procedures in order to
Morocco
e-mail:[email protected]
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 1
H.JararOulidietal.(eds.),GeospatialTechnology,AdvancesinScience,
Technology&Innovation,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24974-8_1
2 A.FadilandA. ElBouchti
optimize and monitor the human interventions and to make The watershed functioning is described both by its
predictions on the studied system [4]. intrinsic properties and by its physical process sets that
Successful implementation of a hydrological model represent its dynamics and interactions with the external
depends largely on the data availability, especially for dis- environment.
tributed models that require spatially distributed data. Accordingto[8],themaintypesofprocessesguidingthe
Adoptingaconceptualorphysicallybasedmodelmakesthis watershed systems are:
findingmorecomplicatedbyrequiringdataspreadovertime
inordertodescribethedynamicsandthephysicalevolution (cid:129) Storage/retrieval process: related to the movement of
of the watershed and thus allow the model calibration and waterandtheflowofassociatedcomponents(sediments,
validation. Data scarcity is the main obstacle to implement nutrients, etc.)
such watershed modeling approaches, particularly in devel- (cid:129) Internaltransformationprocess:relatedtochangesinthe
oping countries that suffer from huge data access problems. state of these flows.
The emergence of remote sensing (RS) and geographic (cid:129) Transfer process to the watershed borders: related to
information system (GIS) technologies is a significant exchanges with the atmosphere and the basin outlet.
achievement in solving both the data availability problem
and the implementation of spatial hydrological models. Face to the multiplicity and diversity of hydrological
Remote sensing offers new horizons for spatial data collec- models,severalresearchershaveproposedaclassificationof
tion and model parameter measurement in such a way that thesemodelsaccordingtodifferentcategories.Althoughthe
someresearchersbelievethatthenextbigjumpinwatershed implementationofaclearandwell-definedtypologyofthese
modeling will be made as a result of advances in remote modelsisgenerallydifficultandambiguous[3],theliterature
sensing data availability [5]. mentionsaclassificationseriesproposedbyvariousauthors,
Thetargetofthisinvestigationistoanalyze theutility of includingthatof[9–13].Eachofthesetypologieswasbased
using global data derived from earth observation satellites on a list of criteria including:
instead of local data measured in situ to conduct watershed
modeling, particularly at medium and small scales. (cid:129) Watershed description (physical or mathematical model)
(cid:129) Hydrological process description (empirical, analytical,
conceptual or physically based)
2 Watershed Modeling (cid:129) Spatial discretization (global or distributed)
(cid:129) Time discretization (continuous or discrete event)
A model is a simplified representation of a given physical (cid:129) Method of solving equations (deterministic or
system at some particular point in time or space [6]. It is stochastic).
often based on a mathematical formalization of laws and
concepts reflecting the system behavior [7]. It can also be Inanycase,oneofthefundamentalelementsdetermining
constructed in the form of a reduced schema (prototype) to the modeling success is the data availability and the nature
better understand the physics of the studied environment. It of the input data.
is therefore a formalized simplification of a real system or
phenomenoninordertosimulateitthroughthereproduction
ofitsactors,processesandrelationships[4].Ateachstepof 3 Input Data for Hydrological Models
modeling,approximationsareusedfortranslatingthereality,
generally perceived as something complex and difficult to Each process is characterized by a set of measurable
define. Therefore, modeling targets, at the same time, to parametersthat canvary intimeandspace. Theseelements,
explain and predict the system evolution. However, it is called variables, are of three types [2]:
importanttopointoutthatmodelsareatoolandnotagoalin
itself. (cid:129) State variables: They represent the data describing the
Theevolutionofhumanknowledgeandthedevelopment system state. In the watershed case, they are essentially
of computer techniques have led to the implementation of topography, soil and land use.
series of approaches and models for representing and sim- (cid:129) Input variables: They represent the model’s input data
ulating the watershed systems. This range of tools varies that concerns the external environment of the system. In
accordingtothephenomenastudied,theprocessessupported the watershed case, they are mainly climatic parameters
and the considered spatiotemporal variability. The model (rainfall, temperature, radiation, etc.) and other factors
choiceisthereforemadeaccordingtothetargetedobjectives, related to human activity (discharges from agricultural
basin properties and available data. fields, a treatment plant, etc.)
GlobalDataforWatershedModeling… 3
(cid:129) Output variables: They represent the outputs character- 4 Morphology of Watersheds
izingthesystem.Forthewatershedcase,itismainlythe
water, sediment or pollutant flow at the outlet. 4.1 Importance of Topographical Information
for Watershed Modeling
In the present study, we are interested in the analysis of
theglobaldataconcerningthetwomaininputsofdistributed Topographyplaysanimportantroleinthewatershedsystem
hydrological models, namely: working. It is a fundamental element in determining the
basin’s physiographic and geometric characteristics. In
(cid:129) Thetopographyfromwhichthemorphologicalproperties addition, it is a main factor in controlling or influencing all
of watersheds (state variables) are derived the basin processes.
(cid:129) Climatic data describing watershed solicitation (input Water, which is a key vector of the watershed regime, is
variables). directly guided by the topography. The hydrographic net-
work is basically a representation of the change in basin
The utility analysis of these data will be done by com- geomorphology.
paring the global data with local data measured in situ or Topography is therefore a main input for hydrological
extractedfromothergroundsources.Theapplicationwillbe models. This is the basic data used for calculating and
made in the Sebou watershed located in northwestern generating a set of parameters such as basin area, stream
Morocco (Fig. 1). length,slope,flowvelocity,timeofconcentrationandsoon.
Fig.1 Sebouwatershedlocation.SourceSebouHydraulicBasinAgency